New Nitrogen-, Oxygen-, and Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds as Anti-Colon Cancer Agents: Synthesis, Multitargeted Evaluations, Molecular Docking Simulations and ADMET Predictions
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Oxidative stress, the Warburg effect, and resistance to apoptosis are key hallmarks driving colorectal tumorigenesis. This study aimed to develop novel multi-target compounds capable of modulating these pathways. <b>Methods:</b> A library of 24 n...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/6/801 |
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| Summary: | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Oxidative stress, the Warburg effect, and resistance to apoptosis are key hallmarks driving colorectal tumorigenesis. This study aimed to develop novel multi-target compounds capable of modulating these pathways. <b>Methods:</b> A library of 24 newly synthesized compounds—incorporating annulated thiophene, thiazole, quinazolinone, 2-oxoindoline, and 1,2,3-oxadiazole scaffolds, as well as <i>N</i>-(1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-3-(2-(phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazineyl) prop-1-en-2-yl)benzamide—was evaluated for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), PDK-1 and LDHA inhibition, cytotoxic effects against LoVo and HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells, with parallel assessment of safety profiles on normal HUVECs. The underlying anticancer mechanism of the most active compound was investigated through analysis of cell cycle distribution, apoptosis induction, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and expression levels of apoptosis-related genes. Molecular docking assessed binding interactions within LDHA and PDK-1 active sites. The physicochemical, drug-likeness, and ADMET properties of the multi-bioactive candidates were predicted in silico. <b>Results:</b> Among the synthesized compounds, thiophenes <b>3b</b> and <b>3d</b> exhibited potent PDK-1/LDHA and DPPH/LDHA inhibitions, along with significant cytotoxic effects on LoVo/HCT-116 cells (IC<sub>50</sub> in µM: 190.30/170.21 and 156.60/160.96, respectively), while showing minimal cytotoxicity toward HUVECs. Molecular docking revealed favorable interactions with key amino acid residues within the LDHA and/or PDK-1 active sites. Compound <b>3d</b> notably induced G2/M (LoVo) and G1 (HCT-116) arrest and promoted apoptosis via enhancing ROS generation, modulating <i>Bax/Bcl-2</i> expressions, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential, and ultimately activating <i>caspses-3.</i> In silico predictions indicated their promising drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics, though high lipophilicity, poor solubility (especially for <b>3b</b>), and potential toxicity risks were identified as limitations. <b>Conclusions:</b> Thiophenes <b>3b</b> and <b>3d</b> emerged as promising multi-target candidates; however, structural optimization is warranted to enhance their solubility, bioavailability, and safety to support further development as lead anti-colon cancer agents. |
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| ISSN: | 1424-8247 |