The Development and Characteristics of an In-Wheel Assembly Using a Variable Speed-Reducing Device by Kyeongho Shin, Kyoungjin Ko, Junha Hwang

“…Additionally, deficiencies in lubrication supply to the friction surface of the one-way clutch were identified through flow analysis and visualization tests, leading to design improvements. …”
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Robust control of a compliant manipulator with reduced dynamics and sliding perturbation observer by Muhammad Salman, Zhenwei Niu, Rajmeet Singh, Lochan Kshetrimayum, Irfan Hussain

“…The SPO effectively estimates all system states and perturbation, compensating for nonlinearities, disturbances due to variable stiffness, and friction, enabling consistent trajectory tracking with minimal control effort. …”
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Reliability Analysis of Three-dimensional Soil Slopes Considering Spatial Variability of Soil Parameters by Wan Yukuai, Zhou Yuqi, Shao Linlan, Wang Yuke, Zhang Fei

“…To address these limitations, this study employs the covariance matrix decomposition method to generate 3D lognormal random fields for soil parameters, enabling efficient modeling of spatial variability. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is refined with enhanced termination criteria and integrated with the 3D Bishop method to search for the minimum factor of safety (F). …”
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Optimization Design of Gear Transmission Parameter based on Efficiency Improvement by Rui Su, Gangjun Li, Huazhi Li, Pingping Liu, Yangsen Huang

“…The integral along the length of thread engagement is calculated for the average transmission efficiency expression of gear in meshing process. The expression of the independent variables including active tooth number z1， the transmission ratio i， the friction coefficient f and pressure angle α. …”
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Optimization of heat transfer and entropy for Maxwell dusty fluid: Significance of Lorentz force and variable viscosity by Aziz Ullah Awan, Sidra Qayyum, Bagh Ali, Fehmi Gamaoun, Nehad Ali Shah, N. Ameer Ahammad, Sohail Nadeem

“…Additionally, the Nusselt number and friction factor are computed. The results demonstrated that the mixed convection parameter and the dusty-fluid interaction variable increase the entropy production and the Bejan number. …”
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Significance of dissipative flow on a second-grade nanofluid with variable thermal properties on the stretching surface by Zia Ullah, Aamir Abbas Khan, Shalan Alkarni, Abhinav Kumar, N. Beemkumar, Tushar Aggarwal, Ashwin Jacob, Jajneswar Nanda, Feyisa Edosa Merga

“…This work analyzes the impact of viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity on second-grade nanofluid. …”
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Comparison Study of Method for Calculation of Mesh Efficiency of Involute Gear Pair by Chen Yinglin Chen Jiangyi

“…Taking the distance between pitch point and contact point as a variable, two expressions of instantaneous efficiency of gear pair are derived from the perspective of work and force. …”
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Efficiency Assessment of a High-Speed Tracked Vehicle Hybrid Powertrain by Ponorac Luka, Blagojević Ivan

“…This is to prove the argument of the efficiency benefits of electrifying the vehicle turning mechanism and eliminating the friction elements slip. …”
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Multimodal bearing fault classification under variable conditions: A 1D CNN with transfer learning by Tasfiq E. Alam, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman

“…Bearings play an integral role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of rotating machinery — reducing friction and handling critical loads. …”
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Probabilistic analysis of active earth pressures in spatially variable soils using machine learning and confidence intervals by Tran Vu-Hoang, Tan Nguyen, Jim Shiau, Duy Ly-Khuong, Hung-Thinh Pham-Tran

“…Abstract This study introduces a probabilistic framework for assessing active earth pressures in soils exhibiting spatial variability in friction angles and unit weight. These properties are modeled using random fields with log-normal distributions and spatial correlation lengths. …”
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Predicting Wear Rate and Friction Coefficient of Li₂Si₂O₅ Dental Ceramic Using Optimized Artificial Neural Networks by Marko Pantić, Saša Jovanović, Aleksandar Djordjevic, Suzana Petrović Savić, Milan Radenković, Živče Šarkoćević

“…A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimize the ANN’s hyperparameters, improving its ability to model complex, nonlinear relationships between input variables, including normal load and velocity and output properties such as wear rate and friction coefficients. …”
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A Data-Driven Iterative Feedforward Tuning Strategy with a Variable-Gain Feedback Controller for Linear Servo Systems by Jiaqian Fu, Shanhu Li

“…Theoretical verification and experimental results indicate the excellent iterative efficiency and accuracy of IFFT with a variable-gain feedback controller.…”
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A Novel Attitude-Variable High Acceleration Motion Planning Method for the Pallet-Type Airport Baggage Handling Robot by Xuhao Wang, Jinwang Liu, Wei Zhang

“…Pallet-type end-effectors robots are widely used for airport baggage handling, because of their better adaptability to different types of baggage. A novel attitude-variable high acceleration motion planning method is presented for improving the handling efficiency, which is to move a pallet with non-fixed baggage as fast as possible under a given path, such that the baggage does not slip at any time. …”
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Investigation of thermal properties of ethylene glycol-based Williamson hybrid-nanofluid over stretchable/shrinking flat plate and their effects on solar panels by L.O. Aselebe, A.T. Adeosun, K.B. Kasali, B.M. Yisa, K.A. Salaudeen, R.O. Adesina

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Numerical analysis and experimental study of two-phase flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics in internally microfin tubes by Jingzhi Zhang, Liangliang Zhang, Bo Zhang, Naixiang Zhou, Li Lei, Bangming Li

“…When the helix angle is 18°, friction resistance factor in the liquid column region is the minimum of 0.04. …”
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The Impact of Earning Smoothing through Real Activities and its Components on Labor Force Investment Efficiency by Batool Ismael Hasan, Mehdi Heydari, Hamzeh Didar

“…Objective Recent research confirms the view that companies need foreign capital to finance their labor payments and financing frictions can affect labor investment. Real earnings smoothing can affect labor investment efficiency through its effect on market frictions caused by information asymmetry between managers and suppliers of external capital sources. …”
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Variable viscosity and activation energy aspects in convection heat transfer over gravity driven solar collector plate for thermal energy storage by Nidhal Ben Khedher, Zia Ullah, Mohamed Boujelbene, O. D. Makinde, Abdullah A. Faqihi, A. F. Aljohani, Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer, Ilyas Khan

“…Amplitude and frequency of oscillations in heat transport, skin friction and mass transport enhances as Prandtl and Schmidt component enhances. …”
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Energy Efficiency Optimization Design for Cycle Position Servo PMSM Based on Operating Energy Consumption Model by Bin Yuan, Hui Li, Xuewei Xiang, Hao Zhou

“…Motor efficient design is an important measure to reduce the energy consumption of servo motor system. …”
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Review on velocity slip with thermal features of irregular heat transport enhancement of hybrid nanofluids by Mudassar Qamar, Masood Khan, Muhammad Yasir, A.S. Shflot, M.Y. Malik

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Energy transfer aspects of chemically reactive Casson fluid between a conical gap of cone-disk system with multiple rotations by M. Qamar, M. Khan, A.S. Alqahtani, M.Y. Malik

“…Additionally, the magnetic field parameter shows an increasing trend for drag friction, while a reverse trend can be observed for heat transportation rate. …”
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