EVOLUTION OF THE PHENOMENON OF CITIZENSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN EUROPE by L. Y. Maximova

“…At the same time, social rights were given special development, which enabled citizens did not worry about their survival and security. …”
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Contemporary criminal policy of Germany: example to follow or timely warning? by A. A. Glukhova, D. A. Shpilev

“…Results: the author identifies and describes the influence of the so-called new complex threats on the changes in the German criminal policy, namely the emerging trend towards the revival of punitiveness, i.e. tightening of criminal law, as well as the transition of the rule of law state into a preventive one, in which it is necessary to find a balance between freedom and security of citizens.Scientific novelty: the article for the first time examines the potential changes in the modern criminal policy of Germany aimed at building a new security system in the modern "risk society" , the possibility to preserve the fundamental civil liberties; analyzes the danger of dividing criminal law into civil criminal law and special criminal law to combat enemies (for example, terrorists, recidivists, kidnappers); in the context of the national legal policy, alternative (special) forms of deprivation (restriction) of liberty used in Germany are described: "social therapy", assistance to a probationer and establishment of supervision over their behavior, socially useful work, an electronic bracelet.Practical significance: the study results reveal the essential characteristics of possible changes in the modern German criminal policy, which is often criticized for rational humanism and indecision in taking urgent measures. …”
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The Ethical Significance of Brain-Computer Interfaces as Enablers of Communication by Toma Gruica

“…For BCIs, this focus materializes in debates over whether to honor euthanasia requests (where legal) communicated through neural implants or concerns about data privacy and cognitive liberty. While these concerns are valid and urgent, they fail to capture the more “fundamental dimension,” which is how BCIs alter the conditions of moral personhood by restoring the capacity to communicate. …”
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