Effect of hydrofluoric acid-based etchant at an elevated temperature on the bond strength and surface topography of Y-TZP ceramics by Mi-Kyung Yu, Myung-Jin Lim, Noo-Ri Na, Kwang-Won Lee

“…It was also shown that the Y-TZP surface was etched by the SE solution, causing a large change in the surface topography.ConclusionsBond strength significantly improved when a heated HA-based SE solution was applied to the Y-TZP surface, and the etched Y-TZP surface was more irregular and had higher surface roughness.…”
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Effect of injection molded micro-structured polystyrene surfaces on proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells by G. Lucchetta, M. Sorgato, E. Zanchetta, G. Brusatin, E. Guidi, R. Di Liddo, M. T. Conconi

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Effects of the Cattaneo–Christov flux model on thermally radiative flow of tetra hybrid nanofluid with surface tension gradient by Mostafa Mohamed Okasha, Munawar Abbas, Faiza Benabdallah, Talib K. Ibrahim, Tatyana Orlova, Ali Akgül, Murad Khan Hassani, Abdullah A. Faqihi, Hakim AL. Garalleh, Ahmed M. Galal

“…Under microgravity conditions, a surface tension differential in the plasma causes the intriguing scientific phenomenon known as Marangoni convection. …”
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Actual Gear Surface Static Unloaded Transmission Error of Spiral Bevel Gear and Its Effect on Dynamic Characteristic by Zhisheng Chen, Siyu Chen, Jinyuan Tang, Shandong Peng

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Heterogeneous aggregation of microplastics and mineral particles in aquatic environments: Effects of surface functional groups, pH, and electrolytes by Yanhua Wang, Zhengli Tang, Yingnan Liu, Yilin Qian, Shuo Yang, Anqi Wang, Zhibao Dong, Baoshan Xing

“…Moreover, Ca2+ ions exhibited a stronger promoting effect on aggregation via cation bridging than Na+ ions. …”
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Elevated [CO2] mitigates the effect of surface drought by stimulating root growth to access sub-soil water. by Shihab Uddin, Markus Löw, Shahnaj Parvin, Glenn J Fitzgerald, Sabine Tausz-Posch, Roger Armstrong, Garry O'Leary, Michael Tausz

“…If sufficient water is available in the sub-soil, e[CO2] may help mitigating the effect of drying surface soil.…”
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Effect of pH of In-Office Bleaching Gels and Timing of Fluoride Gel Application on Microhardness and Surface Morphology of Enamel by Fariba Motevasselian, Hamid Kermanshah, Dorara Dortaj, Frank Lippert

“…No relationship between bleaching protocols and surface morphology was observed. Conclusion. Pola Office caused the most softening. 2% NaF gel application after Pola Office bleaching was effective in recovering enamel hardness. …”
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Effect of beverages, denture cleanser and chlorhexidine gluconate on surface roughness of flexible denture base material: an in vitro study by Sneha Saraf, Sunil Kumar Mishra, Benaiffer Agrawal

“…Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the effect of beverages, denture cleanser and chlorhexidine gluconate solution on surface roughness of flexible denture base material.Materials and method: Fifty flexible denture base resin specimens measuring 50±1mm in diameter and 0.5±0.05 mm in thickness were fabricated. …”
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Study on the surface-modification for nano-hydroxyapatite with 12-hydroxystearic acid and the reinforcing effect for poly(lactic-o-glycolide) by H. J. Ding, S. Tang, L. Y. Jiang, B. L. Ma, C. Y. Tang, S. P. Su

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The effect of different surface treatments and adhesive systems on shear bond strength in universal nanohybrid composite resin repair by Merve Kütük Ömeroğlu, Melek Çam, Işıl Doğruer, Zeynep Buket Kaynar

“…Abstract Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and adhesives on shear bond strength (SBS) in the repair of composite resin restorations. …”
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Electrical double layer induced zeta potential effect in a disk cone system with surface catalyzed reaction by Saima Riasat, Chemseddine Maatki, Aneesa Kousar, M. Bilal, Bilel Hadrich, Badr M. Alshammari, Lioua Kolsi

“…Abstract The present study highlights the zeta potential effect of electrokinetic flow in a disk cone system. …”
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Effect of heat treatment before fast multiple rotation rolling on friction surfaced Al–Si–Cu alloy by Seyedeh Marjan Bararpour, Hamed Jamshidi Aval, Roohollah Jamaati, Mousa Javidani

“…In this study the effect of combination of heat treatment of consumable rod and solid solution heat treatment before fast multiple rotation rolling (FMRR) processing on microstructure, mechanical property and wear resistance of Al–Si–Cu alloy friction surfaced on commercial pure aluminum alloy were investigated. …”
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Evaluation of the Effect of Different Soil Surface Treatments in the Vineyard Inter-Row on the CO₂ Emissions by Patrik Burg, Vladimír Mašán, Petra Zabloudilová, Miroslav Češpiva, Jana Burgová, Jindřiška Jeřábková, Adam Lipinski, Piotr Markowski

“…For this reason, our study aimed to assess the effects of different soil surface management strategies in vineyard inter-rows on CO₂ emissions. …”
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Effect of vacuum heat treatment on structure and properties of TiN thin film deposited stainless steel surface by LU Linlin, LIU Chenxi, CAO Hangwei, XU Jie, LIU Yusong, FAN Chongqing

“…In order to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel materials in the marine environment, TiN thin films were deposited on the surface of 304 stainless steel by magnetron sputtering technique and vacuum heat-treated at different temperatures, and the effects of the heat-treatment temperature on the structure and properties of the films were investigated. …”
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In vitro comparative effects of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouthwashes on surface roughness of bulk-fill composite resins by Sepideh Ayatollahi, Aryan Davoudi, Hooman Momtazi

“…Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the effects of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouthwashes on the surface roughness of bulk-fill composite resins. …”
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Effects of Etching Duration on Surface Properties and Friction/Wear Characteristics of Ceramic-Coated Silicone Rubber for Hydrogen Compressors by Sung-Jun Lee, Chan-Woo Kim, Chang-Lae Kim

“…In this study, we explored the effects of etching on the surface properties and tribological performance of silicone rubber for hydrogen compressor applications. …”
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Research on the quantitative relationship between stress shadow effect of multiple thick and hard key layers and surface subsidence by Jianqiao Luo, Yupeng Shen, Xin Meng, Tuo Yang

“…This technology has a significant effect on effectively controlling surface subsidence by releasing stress in the overlying rock and provides a theoretical reference and methodological insights for mines with similar operating conditions.…”
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Effect of Two Different Ultrafast Curing Exposure Durations on the Surface Hardness of Bulk Fill Composite - An In-Vitro Study by Shekar Shobana, Anandavelu Sujareetha, Sundaresan Balagopal, Sarath Kumar, Sriganesh Angusamy, Sebatni Anisha

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An analytical review on interfacial reactions in high-temperature die-attach: the insights into the effect of surface metallization and filler materials by Liu Canyu, Liu Changqing

“…This review evaluates five commonly used high-temperature metal solder fillers—high-Pb solder, Au-based solder, Bi-Ag solder, Zn-Al solder, and nano Ag paste—focusing on their interactions with various metallized surfaces in die-attach bonding. The effects of metallization on interfacial reactions and bond formation are discussed, leading to recommendations for cost-effective and reliable metallizations suitable for these applications.…”
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Effect of Ion Magnetron Sputtering Method on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)Images of Materials with Different Surface Properties by ZHANG Jie, ZOU Junwen, LIU Xueguang, LI Xiaoying

“…In order to investigate the effect of ion magnetron sputtering parameters on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nonconductive materials with different surface properties， the advantages and limitations of various ion magnetron sputtering conditions， including target material， sputtering time and sputtering cycles were studied， along with their applicable ranges.Results showed that the gold target exhibited good continuity with large grain nucleation of gold.Due to its high sputtering energy， it easily caused thermal loss on the sample surface， and the gold grains adhered to the surface.Therefore， gold targets were found to be suitable for low -magnification SEM imaging(<10 000) and materials with a certain surface hardness.In contrast， the platinum target showed poor continuity with small platinum grain nucleation and lower sputtering energy.It was more likely to embed into the sample surface， forming a morphological framework， making it suitable for high-magnification SEM imaging (>30 000) and most non-conductive materials.Using a method of fewer， multiple ion magnetron sputtering cycles， reducing the sputtering cycles appropriately not only weakened the effect of the gold film on the material’s morphology and structure but also helped conserve resources and protect the environment.This result provides experimental guidance for researchers to scientifically and accurately analyze SEM images of samples.…”
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