Analysis of the Electromagnetic Background Created by Constellations of Low-Earth Orbit Satellites, Based on the Prediction Forecast of the Created Area Traffic Capacity by V. I. Mordachev, D. A. Tsyanenka

“…The obtained estimates of the average levels of the electromagnetic background, corresponding to the range of real values of the average density of wireless traffic generated by LOCSS constellations on the earth’s surface, significantly exceed the levels of the natural electromagnetic background. …”
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Evaluation of Land-atmosphere Coupling Strength in Low-latitude Highland of Southeast Asia by WRF Model Parameterization Schemes by Xiuzhi WANG, Qidong YANG, Shuaichen HE, Zilin SHI, Bingrong LÜ

“…Southeast Asia's Low-Latitude Highland （LLH） is one of the hotspots of land-atmosphere coupling in the world， with its land-atmosphere interaction has significant impacts on climate， hydrology and environment.This study employs Uniform Design （UD） method to conduct 48 groups of simulation using different parameterization schemes of Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model.By optimizing the parameterization schemes， the variables related to land-atmosphere interaction in this area are simulated and evaluated.The findings are as follows： （1） The ensemble of 48 simulation groups demonstrates good performance for near-surface air temperature， near-surface specific humidity， surface downward longwave radiation， surface upward longwave radiation and surface soil temperature， with average Taylor Skill Score （TSS） values exceeding 0.8； for near-surface wind speed， precipitation， surface sensible heat flux， surface latent heat flux， surface downward shortwave radiation and surface upward shortwave radiation， the ensemble simulation can adequately capture the characteristics of these variables， with average TSS values ranging between 0.4 and 0.8； but for surface soil moisture， the ensemble simulation performance is poor， with average TSS values less than 0.4.The variability among different simulation groups is minimal for near-surface wind speed， precipitation， surface latent heat flux， surface downward shortwave radiation， surface upward shortwave radiation， surface soil temperature and surface soil moisture （TSS range < 0.2）； but for the surface sensible heat flux， the variability among different simulation groups is significant （TSS range > 0.3）.（2） The optimal parameterization schemes based on equal-weighted averaged TSS can enhance simulation accuracy for near-surface air temperature， near-surface specific humidity， surface downward longwave radiation， surface upward longwave radiation and surface soil temperature， with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9 and minor deviations from reference values.However， this optimization could not significantly improve simulation performance for near-surface wind speed， precipitation， surface sensible heat flux， surface latent heat flux and surface soil moisture， where deviations remain substantial.（3） The optimal parameterization schemes can reasonably capture the spatial and temporal features of land-atmosphere coupling， showing strong coupling strength in northeast and southwest LLH， with temporal correlation coefficient greater than 0.9.Nonetheless， the simulated values of coupling strength is generally weaker than the reference values， primarily due to poor simulation performance of surface latent heat flux and surface downward shortwave radiation.…”
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Morphometric variability of precuneus in relation to gender and the hemisphere of human brain by Spasojević Goran, Malobabić Slobodan, Šuščević Dušan, Miljković Željka

“…Exstrasulcal surface area of the left precuneus was larger, by 0.59 cm on the average, which was not statistically significant. …”
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Introducing the SMAP L4 Products and Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Moisture in Iran by Ebrahim Asadi Oskouei, Leila Godarzy, Jalil Helali

“…Results: Based on the findings of this study, 6 -year average of surface soil moisture (depth < 5 cm) indicates that surface soil moisture in the country ranged from 0.005 to 0.538 m3m-3 and the average surface moisture of the country was 0.137 m3m-3 during the mentioned period. …”
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Effect of Implantation Temperature on the Layer Exfoliation of H-implanted Germanium by U. Dadwal, Praveen Kumar, R. Singh

“…In the H-implanted Ge at 300 °C, exfoliation occurred in the as-implanted state in the form of surface craters. The average depth of these craters was measured to be about 890 nm from the surface. …”
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Vector analysis valuation of astigmatism in the cornea after femtosecond laser-assisted corneal astigmatism incision in cataract surgery by Dan Yang, Shifeng Fang, Yi Yang, Ning Bao, Pin Zuo, Shujie Miao, Xinxia Xue, Jixin Zou

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Calculation Method for Elasticity and Plasticity of Metal Nanostructures by Kunrong Zeng, Kaifeng Chen

“…Surface plasmon research is an emerging discipline. …”
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Simulation and analysis of non-navigational errors in robot-assisted pedicle Kirschner wire placement surgery by Yongkang Yang, Yishi Jia, Chang Liu, Liang Li, Boyao Wang

“…Results A total of 933 K-wire placements were performed in this study. The average deviation under Habit 2 conditions was 0.51 mm, compared to 0.13 mm under Habit 1 conditions; the average deviation was 0.36 mm when the guide-to-bone surface distance was 5 cm, and 0.28 mm when the distance was 1 cm; the average deviation was 0.36 mm under the 600 mm robotic arm condition, and 0.24 mm under the 500 mm robotic arm condition; the average deviation was 0.37 mm in the Plaster-Fixed Vertebra Group, and 0.85 mm in the Silicone-Fixed Vertebra Group. …”
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Cleanliness evolution of interstitial free(IF) steel slabs in the thickness direction by WANG Min, BAO Yan-ping, YANG Quan, ZHAO Li-hua, LIN Lu

“…O and N in the area within 1/16 thickness from the slab surface are 5% to 10% higher than the average values, in the area between 1/4 thickness from the inner are and 1/4 thickness from the outer arc are 5% to 10% lower than the average values and in other area are close to the average levels. …”
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Analysis of Oil Injection Cooling Characteristics of High Pitch Line Velocity Gear Pairs by Huang Bo, Zhang Hong, Ding Yiqun, Zhang Yuzhe, Hou Xiangying

“…Based on the heat generation theory, the average heat flux density of the tooth surface at the high pitch line velocity was obtained. …”
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Numerical and Experimental Study of the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of a Cryogenic Non-thermal Equilibrium Cylinder by Du Yicen, Cheng Ruijie, Wu Shize, Cai Aifeng, Wu Jingyi, Yang Guang

“…The temperature gradient of the cylinder was controlled on the side near the heat-conducting surface. With the addition of a cryogenic radiation screen, the coupled heat transfer of convection and radiation can reduce the average temperature decrease of the cylinder by 2.3%, increase the temperature unevenness of the cylinder by 57.5%, and reduce the temperature unevenness of the cylinder surface.…”
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Past Variability of Mediterranean Sea Marine Heatwaves by Sofia Darmaraki, Samuel Somot, Florence Sevault, Pierre Nabat

“…Subsurface events are seasonally shifted and appear, on average, longer and more intense but less frequent and less extended in space than surface MHWs. …”
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Predicting mean depth and area fraction of Antarctic supraglacial melt lakes with physics-based parameterizations by Danielle Grau, Azeez Hussain, Alexander A. Robel

“…Estimation of ice sheet surface roughness statistics then enables the development of a set of simple mathematical expressions parameterizing the average supraglacial melt lake area fraction and lake depth from statistical fitting of large simulation ensembles of water flow on random, self-affine surfaces. …”
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Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban sprawl in China from 2000 to 2020 by Yiming Hou, Qingxu Huang, Qiang Ren, Tianci Gu, Yihan Zhou, Pengxin Wu, Yuxiang Fan, Guoliang Zhu

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Spatiotemporal Variations of the 90Sr in the Southern Part of the Baltic Sea over the Period of 2005–2010 by Michał Saniewski

“…In the Vistula River mouth the average activity of 90Sr in the surface water was about 15% lower than the average activity in the bottom waters. …”
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Characteristics of Rainfall Runoff and Soil Moisure Variation in Limestone Soil and Red Soil Slopes by CHEN Xiaona, PAN Yanfei, XU Qinxue, FANG Rongjie, WANG Shaoxu

“…The results are as follows. ① The runoff generation on limestone soil slopes is dominated by subsurface runoff, with an average subsurface runoff coefficient of 0.087; the runoff generation on red soil slopes is dominated by surface runoff, with an average surface runoff coefficient of 0.088. ② The runoff generation on limestone soil slopes starts only when the rainfall is moderate, and there is no significant change in the surface runoff coefficient with the increase of rainfall grade. …”
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Structural Features of Porous Silicon Formed on Heavily Doped Plates of Single-Crystal Silicon with Electron Conductivity by U. P. Lopato, D. D. Laputko, N. L. Grevtsov, V. P. Bondarenko

“…The average thickness of silicon skeleton elements is about 3 nm on the surface and increases to 5–6 nm in the volume. …”
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Fractal Evolution Characteristics of Pore Structure in Coal-Acidified Stimulation by Dan Zhou, Zhiqiang Lv, Yunxing Cao, Gaofeng Liu, Xinsheng Zhang, Bin Shi, Junsheng Zhang, Shimin Liu

“…Specifically, the BET specific surface area grew by an average of 4.8 times and the total pore volume expanded by an average of 7.7 times, with the pore volumes in the pore size ranges of <10 nm and 10–60 nm increasing by an average of 10.1 times and 7.7 times. …”
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Comparison of the Structural Configuration of Cobalt Nanoparticles on Titania and Titania Nanotube Supports by E. Muzenda, A.S. Abdulkareem, A.S. Afolabi

“…The catalyst prepared on TNT support showed better properties in terms of average pore diameter, pore volume and surface area than the catalyst sample prepared on TiO2 support when the two samples were exposed to carbon environment for the same period of time. …”
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Experimental Study on Heating Performance of Air-source Heat Pump Coupled with a New Type Radiant Floor by Gao Feng, Wang Yu, Li Yanju, Li Shengying, Guo Chunmei

“…During the test period, the average temperature of indoor working area was 18.4~21.8 ℃, and the average indoor surface temperature was 22.5~29.1 ℃. …”
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