Exploitation of ARIMA and Annual Variations Model for SAR Interferometry Over Permafrost Scenarios by Wenyan Yu, Xiao Cheng, Mi Jiang

“…Diverging from conventional filtering methods where the temporal resolution loss depends on the size of the convolution kernel, we introduce the autoregressive integrated moving average model to extract the nonlinear deformation signal component. …”
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Hourly surface nitrogen dioxide retrieval from GEMS tropospheric vertical column densities: benefit of using time-contiguous input features for machine learning models by J. Gödeke, A. Richter, K. Lange, P. Maaß, H. Hong, H. Lee, J. Park

“…For linear regression models, average performance gains are between 7 % and 15 %. …”
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Subsurface banding increases ammonia emissions under rainfed cotton in Florida sandy soils by Kulpreet Singh, Eajaz A. Dar, Satinderpal Singh, Akash Shah, Lakesh Sharma, Hardeep Singh

“…Daily NH3 emissions (g/ha/day) were averaged over each week, and cumulative emissions (g/ha) were calculated by summing weekly averages across the sampling period. …”
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Flow pattern analyzes of a two thin films of insoluble in each other liquids flow on a vertical surface subject to influence of a gas stream. by M. K. Zakharov, A. U. Komkov, D. M. Pavlenko

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The Characteristics of Land‐Atmospheric Water and Heat Exchange during Soil Freezing‐Thawing Process over the Underlying Surface of the Alpine Grassland in the Source Region of the... by Yueyue WU, Jun WEN, Zuoliang WANG, Dongyu JIA, Wenhui LIU, Yuqin JIANG, Xuancheng LU

“…The seasonal characteristics of water and heat exchange in the alpine grasslands are significant， and the freezing‐thawing process has an important impact on the land‐atmospheric water and heat exchange.Based on the observation data of the land surface process in the Tangchama small watershed in the source area of the Yellow River from May 2014 to May 2015， this research divides the soil freezing‐thawing process into thawed stage （TT）， frozen stage （FF）， thawing to freezing （T-F） and freezing to thawing （F-T）， and the changes in the different states and period of the net radiation， sensible heat flux， latent heat flux and surface heat flux of the underlying surface of the alpine grassland are analyzed to explore the characteristics of water and heat exchange between the land‐atmosphere in the soil freezing‐thawing process.The results are as follows： （1） The average value of the net radiation flux in the thawed stage is generally greater than that of the other three stages， and the maximum value reaches 203.7 W·m-2.The frozen soil melts in the freezing‐thawing stage， and the soil moisture content gradually increases.The radiation ratio increased significantly during the frozen stage， the net radiation diurnal variation was the largest in the thawed stage， reaching 717.6 W·m-2， and the frozen stage was the smallest， followed by the freezing‐thawing stage.（2） The proportion of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux is different in the thawed and frozen stages.When completely thawed， due to precipitation and soil moisture content， the net radiation is mainly converted into latent heat flux.The maximum diurnal variation of latent heat flux is 193.7 W·m-2， while the sensible heat flux is only about 80.0 W·m-2.The diurnal average of sensible heat and latent heat in the thawing‐freezing phase， the freezing‐thawing period and the frozen period is not much different.The mean latent heat in the three period is 21.9 W·m-2， and the sensible heat is 20.3 W·m-2； The diurnal variation is greater than the latent heat in the three period， the soil suffers a freezing‐thawing cycle， the soil temperature difference is small， and the water content changes， and the net radiation is mainly converted into sensible heat during this period； the diurnal variation of sensible heat was greater than that of latent heat in the three stages.The freezing-thawing cycle occurred in the soil， the difference between ground and air temperature was small， and the moisture content changed.During this period， the net radiation was mainly converted to sensible heat.（3） The soil heat flux is positive （negative） in thawed （frozen） state， indicating that the surface soil absorbs （releases） heat from the atmosphere， and its daily variation range is large （small）.The above results show that the state and process of soil freezing and thawing have different characteristics for the water and heat exchange process between the land and atmosphere.…”
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Rotationally Resolved Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Three Large Eurybates Family Members by Anicia Arredondo

“…Previous visible spectroscopy of asteroid (3548) Eurybates has shown potential surface heterogeneity due to rotation of the asteroid. …”
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Evaluation of PM2.5 Surface Concentrations Simulated by NASA’s MERRA Version 2 Aerosol Reanalysis over India and its Relation to the Air Quality Index by Chimurkar D. Navinya, V. Vinoj, Satyendra K. Pandey

“…Correlations of 0.96 and 0.6 were found between the estimates and the measurements for the monthly and the daily averaged concentrations, respectively; these numbers can be dramatically improved by applying a simple bias correction. …”
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Intelligent Omni-Surface-Assisted Cooperative Hybrid Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access: Enhancing Spectral Efficiency Under Imperfect Successive Interference Cancellation and Hardware... by Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu

“…To address these limitations, this study integrates intelligent omni-surfaces (IOSs) into a cooperative hybrid NOMA (C-HNOMA) framework to enhance retransmission efficiency and extend network coverage. …”
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High-Resolution Daily PM2.5 Exposure Concentrations in South Korea Using CMAQ Data Assimilation with Surface Measurements and MAIAC AOD (2015–2021) by Jin-Goo Kang, Ju-Yong Lee, Jeong-Beom Lee, Jun-Hyun Lim, Hui-Young Yun, Dae-Ryun Choi

“…The study produced highly accurate daily average high-resolution PM2.5 exposure concentrations.…”
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Mask R-CNN aided fruit surface temperature monitoring algorithm with edge compute enabled internet of things system for automated apple heat stress management by Basavaraj R. Amogi, Rakesh Ranjan, Lav R. Khot

“…Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibility as fruit surface temperature (FST) through pixel-by-pixel multiplication of captured thermal infrared images with segmented fruits binary mask. …”
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Preparation of NiCr/YSZ two-layered burn-resistant coating on γ-TiAl alloys based on plasma surface metallurgy and ion plating methods by Wei D.-B., Li M.-F., Zhou X., Li F.-K., Li S.-Q., Zhang P.-Z.

“…The NiCr/YSZ coating was fabricated on γ-TiAl alloy by double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology and multi-arc ion plating technology. …”
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Estimation of surface formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations and HCHO-related cancer risk in a pair of agricultural zones situated in southern Mexico through the Ozone Monitoring Instr... by Cristina A. Mendoza-Rodríguez, Claudia Rivera Cárdenas, Carlos Espinosa-Ponce

“…Annually averaged surface concentrations ranged from 0.94 μg m−3 to 1.89 μg m−3 in Oax, as well as between 1.07 μg m−3 and 1.91 μg m−3 in Chis. …”
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Surface Air Temperature Fluctuations and Lapse Rates on Olivares Gamma Glacier, Rio Olivares Basin, Central Chile, from a Novel Meteorological Sensor Network by Edward Hanna, Sebastian H. Mernild, Jacob C. Yde, Simon de Villiers

“…Here, we use an innovative network of highly portable, low-cost thermometers to report on high-frequency (1-min time resolution) surface air temperature fluctuations and lapse rates (LR) in a ~800-m elevational range (from 3,675 to 4,492 m a.s.l.) across the glacier Olivares Gamma in the central Andes, Chile. …”
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Estimation of Curie-point depths, geothermal gradients and near-surface heat flow from spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data in the Loum – Minta area (Centre-East Cameroon) by Jean Aimé Mono, Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga, Yara Tarek, Jean Daniel Ngoh, Olivier Ulrich Igor Owono Amougou

“…The depth values were subsequently used to evaluate the Curie-point depth (CPD), geothermal gradient and near-surface heat flow in the study area. The result shows that the CPD varies between 5.22 and 14.35 km with an average of 9.09 km, the geothermal gradient varies between 40.42 and 111.11 °C/km with an average of 72.24 °C/km, and the resulting heat flow varies between 101.05 and 277.77 mW m−2 with an average of 180.59 mW m−2. …”
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Comparative Evaluation and Optimization of Auxin Type and Concentration on Rooting Efficiency of <i>Photinia</i> × <i>fraseri</i> Dress: Stem Cuttings Using Response Surface Method... by Gülcay Ercan Oğuztürk, Müberra Pulatkan, Cem Alparslan, Türker Oğuztürk

“…However, the actual rooting medium temperature—measured manually every four days from the perlite zone using a calibrated thermometer—ranged between 18 °C and 22 °C, with an overall average of approximately 20 ± 2 °C. The average values of these root-zone temperatures were used in the statistical analyses. …”
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Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Secrecy Rate Optimization for Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Integ... by Jianwei Wang, Shuo Chen

“…The approach seeks to maximize the average secrecy rate while satisfying communication and sensing performance standards and transmission security constraints. …”
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Bio-FM-Spray restoration of concrete pavement: Experimental investigation by Alireza Soleimanbeigi, Parham Hayati, Jafar Sobhani, Parvaneh Saffarian

“…The Average Crack Area (ACA) index and healing efficiency was evaluated through visual inspection, image digitization, and image processing, complemented by FESEM/EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. …”
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A Comprehensive Analysis of Radiological Parameters in Historical City Soil: The Case of Mardin, Turkiye by Ender Çetin, Naim Sezgin, Semih Nemlioglu

“…This study evaluates the levels of natural radioactivity in surface soil samples across all districts of Mardin Province, Turkiye, using data from the Turkish Environmental Radioactivity Atlas. …”
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Research on the Impact of Mountain-Valley Wind on Topographic Precipitation in the Ili River Valley Based on GPM Observations by Zhimin WANG, Wanyue FENG, Jing YANG, Yuanyuan LI, Hui WANG, Yapeng FU

“…Studying the impact of valley winds on terrain precipitation is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanism of precipitation formation under complex terrain conditions.Based on GPM/DPR data from 2014 to 2021， the connected domain method was used to identify the summer terrain precipitation system in the Ili River Valley.Combined with the 10 m surface wind data from ERA5， the precipitation process was divided into valley wind type and mountain wind type.The spatiotemporal distribution， vertical structure， and macro and micro characteristics of precipitation in these two types of "trumpet mouth" terrain were compared and analyzed.The results show that valley wind precipitation is concentrated on the windward slopes of the southern and eastern foothills of the valley， with the precipitation period mainly from noon to evening （12:00 -20:00 Beijing time， same as after）.Mountain wind precipitation is more abundant in the valley plain， with more precipitation occurring from night to morning （01:00 -06:00）.The average wind speed of valley wind （0.79 m·s-1） is 6.8% higher than that of mountain wind （0.74 m·s-1）.The average near surface precipitation rate （R） and rain top height （STH） of valley wind and mountain wind precipitation are 1.32 mm·h-1， respectively 1.15 mm·h-1， 5.90 km， 5.72 km， statistics show a positive correlation between STH and R； Under the influence of uphill winds， the R， STH， mass weighted average diameter （Dm）， and particle number concentration （dBNw） of valley wind precipitation increase under the influence of terrain uplift， reaching a maximum at an altitude of 2 -3 km.The upwelling airflow formed on the windward slope promotes the condensation and coalescence of cloud droplets into raindrops； The average dBNw of valley wind precipitation （33.5） is nearly 3% smaller than that of mountain wind precipitation （34.5）， while the average Dm of the former （1.63 mm） is 18.1% larger than that of the latter （1.38 mm）.Due to the lower radar reflectivity factor of mountain winds compared to valley winds in the liquid phase region below 0 ℃， when raindrops descend to the dry layer near the ground， the large droplets break and evaporate， resulting in more dBNw and smaller Dm.Valley winds affect the macroscopic structure and microphysical processes of terrain precipitation.In future research on identifying the potential of terrain cloud artificial precipitation enhancement and numerical simulation of fine structure of precipitation in mountainous areas， attention should be paid to the role and dynamic mechanism of valley winds.…”
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Optimization and sensitivity analysis of unsteady MHD mixed convective heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity containing a double-pipe circular cylinder using nanofluids by U.K. Suma, M. Masum Billah, Aminur Rahman Khan

“…The simulation results show that the aforementioned parameters significantly affect the temperature distribution, flow pattern, average fluid temperature (θav) inside the cavity, and average Nusselt number (Nuav) at the heated surface. …”
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