Ferrofluid droplet generation on a zero-thickness nozzle by a magnetic field using a wedge-shaped functional surface. by Amirhossein Favakeh, Mohamad Ali Bijarchi, Mahbod Mohammadrashidi, Mohammad Yaghoobi, Mohammad Behshad Shafii

“…Digital microfluidics for ferrofluids enables the manipulation of discrete droplets on open surfaces and has garnered significant interest as an alternative to traditional continuous-flow microfluidic systems. …”
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The effect of mechanical and chemical polishing techniques on the surface roughness of heat-polymerized and visible light-polymerized acrylic denture base resins by Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al-Kheraif

“…Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mechanical polishing (MP) and chemical polishing (CP) on the average surface roughness (Ra) of heat-cured (HC) and light-cured (LC) denture base acrylic resins. …”
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Automatic Reading and Reporting Weather Information from Surface Fax Charts for Ships Sailing in Actual Northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans by Jun Jian, Yingxiang Zhang, Ke Xu, Peter J. Webster

“…The OpenCV image processing method and YOLOv5s/YOLO8vn algorithm were utilized to make template matches and locate warning symbols and weather reports from surface weather charts. After these improvements, the average accuracy of the model significantly increased from 0.920 to 0.928, and the detection rate of a single image reached a maximum of 1.2 ms. …”
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The effect of root canal preparation on the surface roughness of WaveOne and WaveOne Gold files: atomic force microscopy study by Taha Özyürek, Koray Yılmaz, Gülşah Uslu, Gianluca Plotino

“…After the preparation of 3 root canals, instruments were subjected to atomic force microscopy analysis. Average roughness and root mean square values were chosen to investigate the surface features of endodontic files. …”
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Spatiotemporal variability of near-surface air temperature lapse rates in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau using high-density meteorological observations by Yue Jiao, Yudron Tseten, Quanlin Yang, Lei Bai

“…Abstract The near-surface air temperature lapse rate is a crucial indicator that reflects atmospheric stability and is an important parameter for extrapolating regional surface temperatures. …”
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High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on Multicoating Photonic Crystal Fiber With Surface Plasmon Resonance at Near-Infrared Wavelength by Duanming Li, Wei Zhang, Huan Liu, Jiangfei Hu, Guiyao Zhou

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Electromagnetic scattering from random rough surface using higher-order GTD-RT numerical technique for optical wireless communications by Asmaa E. Farahat, Khalid F. A. Hussein

“…The second-order GTD-RT method provides slightly improved accuracy over the first-order method, especially for highly rough surfaces, but the enhancement remains marginal. Given its low average error (< 2.5%) and significantly lower computational cost, the first-order GTD-RT method offers a more practical and efficient solution for optical scattering analysis in rough surface scenarios. …”
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Accuracy assessment of land surface temperature retrievals from remote sensing imagery: pixel-based, single and multi-channel methods by A Sediyo Adi Nugraha, Muhammad Kamal, Sigit Heru Murti, Wirastuti Widyatmanti

“…Land Surface Temperature (LST) measurements using remote sensing data are conducted using various methods, including the Single Channel Method (SCM) and the Multi-Channel Method (MCM). …”
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RT-DETR-MCDAF: Multimodal Fusion of Visible Light and Near-Infrared Images for Citrus Surface Defect Detection in the Compound Domain by Jingxi Luo, Zhanwei Yang, Ying Cao, Tao Wen, Dapeng Li

“…The accurate detection of citrus surface defects is essential for automated citrus sorting to enhance the commercialization of the citrus industry. …”
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Cyclic fatigue, bending resistance, and surface roughness of ProTaper Gold and EdgeEvolve files in canals with single- and double-curvature by Wafaa A. Khalil, Zuhair S. Natto

“…Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometric analysis were used for imaging the fractured segments, while the atomic force microscope was used to quantify the surface roughness average (Ra).ResultsEdgeEvolve files exhibited higher cyclic fatigue resistance than ProTaper Gold files in single- and double-curved canals (p < 0.05) and both files were more resistant to cyclic fatigue in single-curved canals than double-curved canals (p < 0.05). …”
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CBAM-SwinT-BL: Small Rail Surface Defect Detection Method Based on Swin Transformer With Block Level CBAM Enhancement by Jiayi Zhao, Alison Wun-Lam Yeung, Muhammad Ali, Songjiang Lai, Vincent To-Yee Ng

“…Meanwhile, the additional module CBAM merely extend the model training speed by an average of +0.04s/iteration, which is acceptable compared to the significant improvement in system performance.…”
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Effect of Single-Point Incremental Forming Process Parameters on Roughness of the Outer Surface of Conical Drawpieces from CP Titanium Sheets by Marcin Szpunar, Robert Ostrowski, Department of Manufacturing and Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland

“…The influence of SPIF parameters on surface roughness was analysed using multi-layer artificial neural networks. …”
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Quantifying spatio-temporal changes in the ecological environment quality and their implications for surface mass movement after a high-magnitude earthquake by Ming Chen, Chuan Tang, Yu Yang, Jiang Xiong

“…Finally, we explored the interactions between ecological quality and surface mass movement. We found that the average RSEI decreased from 0.80 before the earthquake to 0.47 after the earthquake, and increased to 0.66 after the 15-year recovery period, which indicates a gradual increase in the general ecological quality from 2008 to 2023. …”
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The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study by Ahmad Mansour, Tomer Kerman, Nir Amitai, Eran Zunz, Soltan Khalaila, Itai Hazan, Erez Tsumi

“…Abstract This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. This retrospective case-control study, spanning 2001–2022, used electronic medical records from Clalit Health Services (CHS) in Israel. …”
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How Phase Transitions Impact Changes in Mantle Convection Style Throughout Earth's History: From Stalled Plumes to Surface Dynamics by Ranpeng Li, Juliane Dannberg, Rene Gassmöller, Carolina Lithgow‐Bertelloni, Lars Stixrude

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Cryogenic and conventional machining using CVD-coated inserts to improve the surface characteristics of low-carbon steel alloy E350 by Sagar Vijayendra, Vikas Marakini, Raghavendra Pai K., Srinivasa Pai P., Gururaj Bolar

“…The cutting speed significantly impacted the surface microhardness (92.2% – dry, 95.3% – cryogenic), and the feed had a greater impact on surface roughness (53.3% – dry, 67.5% – cryogenic). …”
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Radar versus optical: The impact of cloud cover when mapping seasonal surface water for health applications in monsoon-affected India. by Gowri Uday, Bethan V Purse, Douglas I Kelley, Abi Vanak, Abhishek Samrat, Anusha Chaudhary, Mujeeb Rahman, France F Gerard

“…Across the districts, the average cloud cover in the July-August period was 92% or 90% for 2017 and 2018 respectively, resulting in 25% or 23% of the surface water area being unmapped. …”
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Urban Microclimates in a Warming World: Land Surface Temperature (LST) Trends Across Ten Major Cities on Seven Continents by Yiğitalp Kara, Veli Yavuz

“…Airports exhibited a mean daytime land surface temperature (LST) that was 2.5 °C higher than surrounding areas, while industrial zones demonstrated an even greater temperature disparity, with an average increase of 2.81 °C. …”
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Study on the Microstructure and Performance of Iron-Based Alloy Coatings on the Inner Surface of Conveying Pipes via High-Speed Laser Cladding by LUO Heng, YAN Zongliang, KAN Chaoyu, YANG Chicheng, ZHANG Ziqi, CHEN Zipeng

“…In order to address the issue of wall failure due to impact abrasion during the use of conveying pipes， a high-speed laser cladding(HLC) technique was employed to prepare a JG-3 iron-based coating on 20CrMo steel， a commonly used material for conveying pipes.The surface morphology， microstructure， phase composition， elemental distribution between dendrites and interdendritic regions， coating hardness and wear resistance of the JG-3 iron-based coating prepared by HLC were analyzed and compared with coatings produced by conventional laser cladding (LC).Results showed that the HLC coating was narrow and thin， with less noticeable overlapping tracks on its surface.The macro surface was smoother， and the surface roughness of the HLC coating was reduced by 49%compared to the LC coating.No significant defects were observed within the coating， the transition zone between elements was small， and a good metallurgical bond was formed between the coating and the substrate with a low dilution rate.The microstructure was dense and transitioned from planar crystals to columnar crystals to cellular crystals from bottom to top.In contrast， the conventional laser cladding coating had pores， coarse structure， and disordered growth directions.Although the high-speed laser cladding technique did not change the phase composition of the coating， the content of the γ (Ni-Cr-Fe) solid solution phase formed in the coating was significantly increased， which resulted in an average microhardness of the HLC coating reaching 837.4 HV0.2， which was 1.33 times that of the LC coating.Furthermore，under the same friction and wear conditions，the weight loss of the HLC coating was 6.2 mg， approximately 30%of the LC coating and 13%of the substrate.Compared with the conventional laser cladding technology， the JG-3 iron-based coating prepared by the high-speed laser cladding technique significantly improved the surface performance of conveying pipes， effectively extending their service life.This work provides a new approach to improving the wear resistance of conveying pipe surfaces.…”
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Effect of burnishing strategies on surface integrity, microstructure and corrosion performance of wire arc additively manufactured AZ31 Mg alloy by Shambhu Kumar Manjhi, Oyyaravelu R, Srikanth Bontha, A.S.S. Balan

“…The average surface roughness (Sa) of the cross-burnishing pattern is 0.235 μm, which is 123.6 % lower than the parallel burnished and 261.7 % lower than the milled specimens. …”
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