Comparison of magnetron sputtering systems for high-rate deposition of thick copper layers for microelectronic applications by M. V. Nazarenko

“…The samples deposited with a liquid-phase magnetron had the highest roughness and the largest grain size. Although the cheapest method, liquid-phase magnetron sputtering achieved the lowest sputtering efficiency.Conclusions. …”
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Optimization of grinding process parameters for slender tubes through orthogonal experiments and grey relational analysis by Lianzhi Zhang

“…The smoothness of their inner surfaces improved by reduced surface roughness is essential for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of such equipment. …”
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Modified hybrid particle swarm optimization: multivariate calibration of water supply networks by Hugo Augusto Marinho Moreira, Juan Moises Mauricio Villanueva, Heber Pimentel Gomes

“…The methodology was validated with the calibration of the roughness and demand of the Water Distribution Pilot System (WDPS) at the Hydraulic Energy Efficiency Laboratory (LENHS) and the roughness of the C-Town Benchmark network. …”
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Low-Range Tracking Radio Altimeter with a Phase-Locked Loop by A. A. Monakov, A. A. Tarasenkov

“…Computer simulation of a radio altimeter with the PLL circuit to measure the height above a rough surface proves the altitude estimate to be efficient. …”
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Comparative study of ultrasonic and laser assisted machining for sustainable leather cutting in greener industry practices by Samir Mekid, Vasanth Swaminathan, Ismail Chekalil

“…The proposed study also explores image processing techniques to quantify surface roughness. Experimental results in leather cutting demonstrate that ultrasonic cutting was performed by varying delay time of (0.1–0.4 s), cutting time (0.02–0.12 s) and shaking time (0.02–0.08 s) significantly reduces thermal damage and maintaining average surface roughness of 0.008 μm and narrow kerfwidth of 0.2899 mm. …”
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Research on process optimization and trajectory planning of EA4T axle robot grinding by Feng ZHANG, Zhongli FENG, Feng XU, Deming ZHANG, Xiangrui ZENG, Jianwei MA, Shilei ZHANG

“…Consequently, in the process of axle production, it is necessary to grind the axle shoulder to control its surface roughness and material removal depth. Current manual grinding methods for EA4T axle shoulder suffer from high labor intensity, inconsistent surface quality, and low efficiency. …”
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A Crow Search Algorithm integrated with Lévy flight and dynamic awareness probability for optimized numerical control machining parameters by Bing Tian

“…Abstract This paper proposes an efficient method for optimizing machining variables with numerical control (NC) achieved through an Enhanced Crow Search Algorithm (ECSA). …”
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Visualization and semi-quantitative analysis of dissolution processes at artificial structures in carbonate rocks using optical, 3D micro-scanning and confocal laser scanning micro... by Annette Dietmaier, Justin Mattheis, Daniel Weller, Ingrid Stober, Michael Drews, Thomas Baumann

“…CLSM provided high-resolution surface roughness assessments but could not capture areas beneath overhangs. …”
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Characterization of the ceramic coating formed on 2024 al alloy by scanning plasma electrolytic oxidation by Xingrui Xu, Weiping Jia, Tingting Yin, Qi Dong, Yutao Ma, Zhen Wang, Zhilong Zhao, Pengxiang Lv

“…The SPEO process enables efficient localized coating deposition through progressive scanning, achieving performance comparable to that of conventional full-surface PEO. …”
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Investigation of the Impact of Chemical Modifications on the Photostability of Polymethyl Methacrylate by Hanan A. Ibraheem, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Emad Yousif, Dina S. Ahmed, Hassan Hashim, Benson M. Kariuki

“…Polymeric chain modifications have proved to be efficient in increasing the photostability of materials. …”
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Humidity-induced porous poly(lactic acid) membrane with enhanced flux for oil–water separation by Zhi Liu, Jianghui Zhao, Wei Li, Jian Xing, Lan Xu, Jihuan He

“…Biodegradable and efficient filtration membrane is essential to practical oil–water separation. …”
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Through-mask electrochemical machining of micro-dimple arrays with synchronization of power switching and cathode movements by Feng Wang, Xinke Yuan, Tao Wang, Yiqing Wan, Yafeng He, Min Kang

“…Through-mask electrochemical machining (TMECM) using flexible cathodes removes materials based on anodic dissolution and allows for efficient processing of large-area micro-dimple arrays. …”
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Parameter Optimization and Machining Performance of Inconel 625 with Nanoparticles Dispersed in Biolubricant by T. Mohanraj, N. Radhika, S. Aswin Nanda, V. Vignesh, B. Jayaraman, K. R. Ratana Selvan, Yesgat Admassu

“…While quantity and quality are linked to productivity, the economy focuses on energy-efficient processes that produce a high output-to-input ratio. …”
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Determining Optimal Processing Conditions for Fabricating Industrial Moulds with Additive Manufacturing by Daniel Moreno Nieto, Francisco Javier Puertas Morales, Julia Rivera Vera, Pedro Burgos Pintos, Daniel Moreno Sanchez, Sergio I. Molina

“…These experiments identified optimal extrusion temperatures and extrusion multipliers to minimize defects at both the macro- and microscales for ASA 20 wt.% carbon fiber (CF) material; additionally, a correlation between milling speed, milling strategy, and surface roughness was established. These findings are valuable for industries adopting this innovative production method, as they provide guidance for defining process parameters to achieve the desired surface roughness of a specific part. …”
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The effect of nano-chitosan and as mouthwash and denture cleanser: In vitro study by Sabreen Waleed Ibrahim, Farah Nabeel Mohammed Tahir AlKhayyat, Maha Jamal Abbas

“…These materials present a viable path toward the production of safe, efficient, and sustainable oral care products due to their natural and biocompatible substitutes.…”
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An investigation into the effects of excipient particle size, blending techniques and processing parameters on the homogeneity and content uniformity of a blend containing low-dose... by Hamad Alyami, Eman Dahmash, James Bowen, Afzal R Mohammed

“…Excipient characteristics play key role in efficient blending process and final product quality. …”
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Atomic Force Microscopic Evaluation of Surface Topographies of Various Rotary Files in Root Canal Preparation in Molar Teeth by B Swathika, Bharath Nagareddy, V Vijith, Nuha Alghamdi, Angel Samson

“…After preparation, the rotary files were analyzed using AFM to measure surface roughness parameters including average roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum peak height (Rp). …”
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Effect of Laser Shock Processing and Aluminizing on Microstructure and High-Temperature Creep Properties of 321 Stainless Steel for Solar Thermal Power Generation by Wei Li, Huang Huang, Dongliang Xu, Jian Chen, Lu Zuo, Guozhi Ma, Jianjun He, Cong Li, Zhuoyin Peng, Yanjie Ren, Sheng-de Zhang

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Enhancing Road Infrastructure Quality Assessment Through Low-Cost Inertial Sensors by T. Singh, K. Garg, S. Goel

“…The metrics established in this study can serve as the foundation for developing more sophisticated algorithms that assess road roughness based on accelerometer data, ultimately contributing to enhanced transportation efficiency and road safety.…”
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Critical Role of Surface Properties in Passive Interstitial Fluid Extraction Using Polymeric Hollow Microneedles for Wearable Diagnostics by Ipek Atay, Emel Yilgör, Gürdeniz Neşer, Taher Abbasiasl, M. Baris Yagci, Iskender Yilgör, Levent Beker

“…Abstract Efficient sampling of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) is essential for continuous monitoring of biomarkers for early detection and management of chronic diseases. …”
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