Guiding Field Measurement of Pine Tree Crowns: A Geometric Shape Comparison Using Drone Imagery by A. Hosingholizade, Y. Erfanifard, S. K. Alavipanah, V. García Millan, S. Pirasteh, S. Pirasteh

“…Three analyses were performed to assess the results: correlation analysis (R²), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), and shape analysis, which included overestimation (OverID) and underestimation (UnderID) indices. …”
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Comparison of principal component analysis algorithms for imputation in agrometeorological data in high dimension and reduced sample size. by Valter Cesar de Souza, Sergio Augusto Rodrigues, Luís Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho

“…Statistical performance evaluation utilized the following indicators: correlation coefficient (r), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE), Willmott Index (d), and performance index (c). …”
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Isolation of highly efficient potassium solubilizing bacteria and their effects on nutrient acquisition and growth promotion in tobacco seedlings by Jia-ning Gao, Meng-tao Xu, Ernest Uwiringiyimana

“…The relative abundances of Acinetobacter, Asaia, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Pseudoclavibacter and Sphingomonas, which are associated with the development of both root systems and plant aboveground parts increased significantly (p < 0.05), thereby contributing to shifts in soil bacterial community structure and correlating with improved soil properties. …”
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Continuous Estimation of Swallowing Motion With EMG and MMG Signals by Zhenhui Guo, Ziyang Wang, Yue Wang, Weiguang Huo, Jianda Han

“…For the healthy subjects, the mean correlation coefficient (CC) is about 0.90 and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) is less than 0.15. …”
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Winter Wheat Yield Prediction and Influencing Factors Analysis Based on FourierGNN–Random Forest Combined Modeling by Jianqin Ma, Yijian Chen, Bifeng Cui, Yu Ding, Xiuping Hao, Yan Zhao, Junsheng Li, Xianrui Su

“…The results of this study provide a valuable reference for accurately predicting winter wheat yield.…”
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Estimation of Footprint-Scale Across-Track Slopes Based on Elevation Frequency Histogram from Single-Track ICESat-2 Photon Data of Strong Beam by Qianyin Zhang, Hui Zhou, Yue Ma, Song Li, Heng Wang

“…Specifically, when the reference across-track slope exceeds 30°, our method can consistently yield the optimal across-track slopes, where the absolute median, inter quartile range, and whisker range of the across-track slope residuals have reductions greater than 4.44°, 1.31°, and 0.10°, respectively. …”
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Advection-Free Convolutional Neural Network for Convective Rainfall Nowcasting by Jenna Ritvanen, Bent Harnist, Miguel Aldana, Terhi Makinen, Seppo Pulkkinen

“…In the model, differences between consecutive rain rate fields in Lagrangian coordinates are fed into a U-Net-based CNN, known as RainNet, that was trained with the root-mean-squared-error loss function. This results in a better representation of rainfall temporal evolution compared to the RainNet and the extrapolation-based LINDA model that were used as reference models. …”
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Evaluating Soil Degradation in Agricultural Soil with Ground-Penetrating Radar: A Systematic Review of Applications and Challenges by Filipe Adão, Luís Pádua, Joaquim J. Sousa

“…A search was conducted across Scopus and Web of Science databases, as well as relevant review articles and study reference lists, up to 31 December 2024. This process resulted in 86 potentially relevant studies, of which 24 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. …”
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Refining regional gravity anomalies and vertical deflections of high-degree earth gravity model from residual terrains based on the spatial domain method by Yixiang Liu, Jinyun Guo, Miao Lin, Le Chang, Xiaotao Chang, Xin Liu

“…The results show that, after RTM correction, the root mean square (RMS) of the difference between modeled and measured gravity anomalies decreased from 19.71 mGal to 13.80 mGal, and the effect of residual terrain correction improves as terrain undulation increases. …”
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MSAVI-Enhanced CASA Model for Estimating the Carbon Sink in Coastal Wetland Area: A Case Study of Shandong Province by Huaqiao Xing, Yuqing Zhang, Linye Zhu, Na Xu, Xin Lan

“…By using MOD17A3 as reference data for comparative experiment, the accuracy of NPP results is improved by 89.6 gC&centerdot;m^&#x2212;2. …”
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Machine vision and learning for evaluating different rancidity grades of Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne by Yashun Wang, Huirong Chen, Jianting Gong, Yang Cui, Huiqin Zou, Yonghong Yan

“…Conclusion: This study demonstrates that color digitization analysis is a potential method for rapidly evaluating the quality of P. mandshurica across the rancidity process, providing a new reference for the quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicines.…”
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Ensemble Learning-Driven and UAV Multispectral Analysis for Estimating the Leaf Nitrogen Content in Winter Wheat by Yu Han, Jiaxue Zhang, Yan Bai, Zihao Liang, Xinhui Guo, Yu Zhao, Meichen Feng, Lujie Xiao, Xiaoyan Song, Meijun Zhang, Wude Yang, Guangxin Li, Sha Yang, Xingxing Qiao, Chao Wang

“…Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results showed that the Voting-based ensemble learning model outperformed other models. …”
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Mapping the air temperature in China from time-normalized MODIS land surface temperature data via zone-based stacking ensemble models by Yan Xin, Yongming Xu, Xudong Tong, Yaping Mo, Yonghong Liu, Shanyou Zhu

“…This work provides a valuable reference for accurately mapping Ta from remote sensing data, especially at large scales.…”
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Dynamics of protist and bacterial communities during the nitrogen removal by ecological floating beds of Sesuvium portulacastrum by Rui Zhao, Yi Shi, Lingfeng Huang, Jun Yang, Wenjing Zhang

“…This study can provide a reference for the optimization of ecological management of eutrophic seawater. …”
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Bioactive substance contents and therapeutic potential for skin inflammation of an herbal gel containing Derris reticulata and Glycyrrhiza glabra by Warissara Sangkaew, Wipawadee Sianglum, Suttiwan Wunnoo, Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai, Nantiya Joycharat

“…The reference standards for the biological testing included Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), ascorbic acid, catechin, and penicillin G. …”
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Optimal sites for miniscrew insertion in anterior aesthetic region: a CBCT study for different vertical skeletal patterns by Xiaoyan Feng, Luxi Weng, Xin Li, Yiyang Shen, Jun Lin

“…Abstract Introduction The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to measure the root distance, bone thickness and bone density in maxillary anterior region with different vertical skeletal patterns based on CBCT data, and provide reference for the optimal site for miniscrew insertion in anterior aesthetic region. …”
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Ionospheric Prediction With High Temporal Resolution Using a Local Data Ingestion Technique Over the Chinese Region by Junchen Xue, Peng Guo, Weihua Wang

“…In this study, total electron content (TEC) observations from local reference stations were input into the NeQuick-2 background model to enhance its performance. …”
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EvapoDeep: A Dual Deep Learning Framework Utilizing GNSS Data for Evapotranspiration Modeling and Predictive Analysis by Saeed Ebrahimi, Saeid Haji-Aghajany, Yazdan Amerian, Melika Tasan

“…Modeling and predicting reference Evapotranspiration (ET₀) is crucial for effective water resource management and the protection of natural ecosystems. …”
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Multiresolution comparison of fetal real-time and cine magnetic resonance imaging at 0.55T by Datta Singh Goolaub, Ye Tian, Joshua F.P. van Amerom, John Wood, Jon Detterich, Krishna S. Nayak, Christopher K. Macgowan

“…The effect of acceleration on cine accuracy was assessed by retrospectively undersampling the data and measuring the reconstruction error with the normalized root-mean-squared difference (NRMSD) in five fetuses. …”
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TREE: Bridging the gap between reconfigurable computing and secure execution by Sérgio Pereira, Tiago Gomes, Jorge Cabral, Sandro Pinto

“…TREE’s root of trust relies on conventional SoC-FPGA mechanisms including secure initial reconfiguration and memory protection, to ensure the initial bitstream integrity is kept after loaded and that reconfiguration access is restricted to the FPGA fabric after boot. …”
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