Optical Characteristics and Composition OF Cd1 – xMnxTe Films Obtained by the Close Spaced Sublimation Technique by V.V. Kosyak, A.S. Opanasyuk, P.V. Koval, P.M. Fochuk, V.V. Starikov

“…This research allowed to obtain the spectrum distributions of the transmission T(λ), reflection R(λ) and absorption α(λ) coefficients of the films as well as estimate the band-gap energy of the compound. …”
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Properties of the Window Layers for the CZTSe and CZTS Based Solar Cells by I.Yu. Protsenko, M.M. Ivashchenko, D.I. Kurbatov, A.S. Opanasyuk, H. Cheong

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Analysis of Representation of Gender Ideology in Stylistic Layers of Personal Persian Elegies by Zahra Esmailiyan azari, Narges Oskouie, Hosein Dadashi

“…This study was conducted via a combined research method (descriptive-statistical-comparative analysis), employing layered stylistics as the theoretical basis. The following results were obtained from this research (in three lexical, syntactic and rhetorical layers). …”
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Near-wall dynamics of single cavitation bubbles imaged by total internal reflection fluorescence by Fangyi Wang, Jonas Kühlmann, Sebastian A. Kaiser

“…This study introduces total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) as a method for investigating the dynamics of a single laser-induced cavitation bubble in water within a thin layer near a solid surface. …”
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Photonic Characterization and Modeling of Highly Efficient Color Conversion Layers With External Reflectors by Guan-Ying Lee, Shao-Yi Weng, Wan-Hua Ho, Chun-Wei Huang, Han-Yu Chao, Sheng-Kai Huang, Hao-Chung Kuo, Chung-Chih Wu, Chien-Chung Lin

“…We propose a new method for fabricating arrays of colloidal quantum dots for color conversion layers (CCLs) with atomic layer deposited (ALD) encapsulation. …”
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Reconstruction of the temperature in the active layer of the glacier on the Western plateau of Elbrus for 1930–2008 by S. A. Tyuflin, O. V. Nagornov, G. A. Chernyakov, V. N. Mikhalenko, P. A. Toropov, S. S. Kutuzov

“…The reconstruction of changes in the temperature of the base of the active layer (at a depth of 10 m) of the glacier on the Western plateau of Elbrus for the period 1930–2008 was performed. …”
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Energy Dissipation and Failure Characteristics of Layered Composite Rocks under Impact Load by Wenjie Liu, Ke Yang, Wei Zhen, Xiaolou Chi, Rijie Xu, Xin Lv

“…Horizontal layered composite rock samples composed of white and black sandstones with large differences in physical and mechanical properties were tested to explore the dynamic characteristics of layered composite rocks under impact load. …”
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Charge distribution functions for characterization of complex systems by V. M. Gun’ko

“…., atomic charges, into nonlocal ones based on the distribution functions. The distribution functions of atomic charges (CDF) could be considered as a simple tool to analyze nonuniform complex systems since specificity of different fractions of atoms reflects in the CDF shape. …”
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Application of Hilbert Huang Transform Method Based on CEEMD in Forest Boundary Layer Turbulence by Yanqi WANG, Yu ZHANG, Youqi SU, Qian ZHANG, min YE

“…To address the modal aliasing phenomenon in traditional Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） algorithms， the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition （CEEMD） and Mirror Extension algorithm were introduced to improve the shortcomings in EMD algorithm decomposition.This article selects case data from turbulence observations in the artificial forest area of Mount Si'e.Firstly， the differences between the two methods are compared and analyzed to clarify the advantages of the CEEMD algorithm； Then， case data of stable and unstable layers at different heights were selected， and the Hilbert Huang transformation method was applied to analyze the turbulent characteristics of the wind speed U and temperature T series under this case， exploring the application of the Hilbert Huang transformation method.The results indicate that the algorithm decomposition of CEEMD is more detailed， the mode aliasing defect of the modal function is better suppressed， the modal energy distribution is more focused， the Hilbert marginal spectrum has more energy spikes， and the energy distribution is clearer.Different modal functions have their own characteristic frequencies， and the decomposed modal functions contain motion of different scales， including turbulent motion in the inertial sub region with a slope of -2/3， and low-frequency large-scale modes corresponding to the energy containing region.The marginal spectral energy peaks obtained from CEEMD decomposition well reflect the energy containing characteristics of each modal function.Individual case analysis shows that the CEEMD algorithm can act as a typical binary filter.After CEEMD decomposition， there are gust fluctuations of about 3~6 minutes in the various modal functions of the U-wind in the turbulence signal of this case.The turbulence characteristics vary at different heights and stable layers.The Hilbert marginal spectral amplitude is higher in the unstable layer at noon compared to the stable layer at night， and the three-dimensional wind speed is better mixed at various heights.Moreover， due to the effect of the canopy， there is a crushing effect on large-scale turbulent vortices at lower altitudes， and the marginal spectrum exhibits low frequency small and high frequency large characteristics compared to other altitudes.In this case， the temperature T is different from the three-dimensional wind speed performance： turbulent vortices at different altitudes are better mixed under stable layer structures， while under unstable layer structures， the marginal spectrum amplitude at lower altitudes is higher due to differences in thermal absorption at different altitudes， and decreases with increasing altitude.Overall， this comparative analysis highlights the superior capabilities of the CEEMD algorithm in handling complex turbulence data， ensuring a more precise and insightful examination of atmospheric phenomena.…”
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Large-Eddy Simulation of Dry and Moist Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Analysis of the Model Convergence by Yixin ZHANG, Xindong PENG

“…By using the large eddy simulation （LES） version of the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model， vertical structure and the feature of turbulent transportation of shallow-convective-cloud-topped atmospheric convective boundary layer was simulated in addition to the idealized dry convective boundary layer on oceanic surface.Numerical convergence of LES model was analyzed with the model results in different resolutions.The results showed that the dry convective boundary layer was vigorous.Approximately 1.15 km of the planetary boundary layer height was simulated with the LES in different resolutions.Vertical uniform structure of the averaged potential temperature （θ）， mixing ratio of water vapor （qv） and horizontal wind （u and v） were shown in the idealized dry convective boundary layer but with large vertical gradients in the near surface layer and the top of the boundary layer.Higher resolution model resolved more detailed structure of convective bubbles within the dry convective boundary layer， larger variance of potential temperature in the entrainment layer， vertical uniform distribution of the averaged quantities within the simulated mixed layer extending more closing to the surface， and the errors in LES model under coarse resolution were mainly concentrated in the lower boundary layer and near the inversion layer.The higher resolution LES model showed larger resolved sensible heat flux while the total flux remained.In the case of shallow-convective-cloud-topped boundary layer， obvious different boundary layer structure was displayed in comparison with that of the dry convective boundary layer.Conditionally unstable layer existed over the mixing layer， and mixing layer height dropped.Vertical profiles of averaged θ， qv， u and v showed similar structure in the mixing layer as that in the convective boundary layer.The averaged meteorological quantities in the lower mixing layer were uniformly distributed in vertical direction.In the cloudy layer， however， positive heat flux and vertical turbulent kinetic energy appeared.Negative heat flux was observed from the top of mixing layer to the lower cloudy layer， which reflected the weak inverse temperature and entrainment at top of mixing layer.Lower-resolution model simulated more deviations of the top of temperature inversion， and mean wind velocity and fluxes near surface.The large eddy simulation model tended to converge at 40 m resolution in the vigorously developing dry convective boundary layer case while it converged at 30 m resolution in the shallow-convective-cloud-topped boundary layer.The atmospheric boundary layer with lower mixing layer height needs to be simulated using a higher resolution LES model.…”
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Characterizing Seasonal Variation of the Atmospheric Mixing Layer Height Using Machine Learning Approaches by Yufei Chu, Guo Lin, Min Deng, Hanqing Guo, Jun A. Zhang

“…This suggests that boundary layer development in the summer is not dominated by a single factor, reflecting a more intricate process likely influenced by seasonal conditions such as enhanced convective activity, higher temperatures, and humidity, which collectively contribute to a balanced distribution of parameter impacts. …”
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Magneto-induced deformation and wave absorption characteristics of magnetically responsive bimaterial layered structures by Yongyang Ji, Wenheng Han, Yonggang Zhao, Wei Gao

“…Experimental tests and finite element simulations revealed that the deformation capacity of MREs is primarily governed by the arrangement of soft and hard magnetic layers. This reflects a complex interplay among the material’s Young’s modulus, the magnitude and direction of the applied magnetic field, and the orientation of remanent magnetization. …”
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A Novel High-Precision Imaging Radar for Quality Inspection of Building Insulation Layers by Dandan Cheng, Zhaofa Zeng, Wei Ge, Yuemeng Yin, Chenghao Wang, Shaolong Li

“…A new type of high-precision imaging radar is specifically designed for the quantitative quality inspection of external building insulation layers in this paper. The center frequency of the radar is 8800 MHz and the −10 dB bandwidth is 3100 MHz, which means it can penetrate the insulated panel not less than 48.4 mm thick and catch the reflected wave from the upper surface of the bonding mortar. …”
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Atomic-scale observation of geometric reconstruction in a fluorine-intercalated infinite layer nickelate superlattice by Chao Yang, Roberto A. Ortiz, Hongguang Wang, Wilfried Sigle, Kelvin Anggara, Eva Benckiser, Bernhard Keimer, Peter A. van Aken

“…This study investigates F-ion intercalation within an infinite-layer NdNiO2+x /SrTiO3 superlattice using a two-step process. …”
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Seasonal dynamics in abundance and species composition of nekton in the upper epipelagic layer of the western Bering Sea by Aleksey A. Somov

“…Spatial patterns of the nekton distribution change between the seasons, too. They are formed in early summer by mass migrations of many species to the western Bering Sea from the east and south, reflect low intensity of the migrations in summer, and are determined by backward migrations toward the southeastern Commander Basin and further to the central Bering Sea and North Pacific in autumn.…”
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Efficient Tandem Organic Light Emitting Diode Using Organic Photovoltaic Charge Generation Layer by Akanksha Jetly, Rajesh Mehra

“…Further with the introduction of Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR), enhancement in current efficiency and brightness of tandem red device are observed due to high reflectance property of DBR. …”
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The influence of weak layers on thrust structure deformation: A finite element numerical simulation study by MA Jia, HE Dengfa, LU Guo, ZHANG Weikang, HUANG Hanyu, LIU Chiyue

“…Seismic reflection profiles from areas such as Liangcun, Jiaoshiba, and Changning in southeastern Sichuan reveal widespread regional weak layers within sequences overlying deep thrust fault systems.   …”
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Effect of radial homogeneity on low-strain integrity detection of a pipe pile in a viscoelastic soil layer by Chunyi Cui, Kun Meng, Zhimeng Liang, Chengshun Xu, Gang Yang, Shiping Zhang

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Synthetic Seismic Reflection Modelling in a Supercritical Geothermal System: An Image of the K-Horizon in the Larderello Field (Italy) by R. de Franco, L. Petracchini, D. Scrocca, G. Caielli, G. Montegrossi, A. Santilano, A. Manzella

“…Two geophysical models were used to test the seismic response of the K-horizon, which is associated with (1) a lithological discontinuity or (2) a physically perturbed layer, represented by a randomized velocity distribution in a thin layer. …”
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Hybrid Ag nanocone–Al2O3/Si nanopillar periodic array for broadband anti-reflection by Xiangyao Luo, Wen Sun, Zichen Xiong, Yue Chang, Wenyi Ren, Xinyu An, He Wang, Hongchang An

“…Furthermore, the introduction of Al2O3 spacer layer leads to an additional decrease in reflectivity. …”
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