Simulating of snow cover formation by the model of interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere (SWAP) by E. M. Gusev, O. N. Nasonova

“…The calculation method is based on the physical and mathematical description of heat and moisture exchange processes occurring within the system «ground water – soil – vegetation cover/snow cover – surface layer of the atmosphere», and it is implemented in the form of the model of interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere (SWAP). …”
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Voxel-Based Digital Twin Framework for Earthwork Construction by Muhammad Shoaib Khan, Hyuk Soo Cho, Jongwon Seo

“…Existing methods often fail to accurately capture these complexities, support semantic attributes, simulate realistic equipment–environment interactions, and update the model dynamically during construction. …”
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Defect Detection of Gas Insulation Switch by Infrared Thermography Technology With an Improved Yolo Algorithm by Ma Tianci, Chen Xiangping, Li Bo, Bai Jie

“…The proposed method modifies the YOLOv7 framework by replacing standard CBS modules with Fused-MBConv layers in the backbone to improve feature extraction efficiency while integrates a coordinate attention (CA) mechanism in the neck layer to enhance spatial defect recognition. …”
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A lexicon-based diachronic comparison of emotions and sentiments in literary translation: A case study of five Chinese versions of David Copperfield. by Yan Li, Muhammad Afzaal, Yixin Yin

“…When multiple translations of the same text over a span of time are produced, another layer of complexity is introduced, and research such as the present study, must examine how or whether variation in the expression of emotions within translations produced over a period of time is discernible. …”
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Assessment of retinal and choroidal structural and microvascular changes in early diabetic retinopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. by Jin Jiang, Xiaole Wang, Hongjun Bian

“…Relative to the CG, NDR group and various stages of NPDR group exhibited greatly lower values in choroidal vascular index (CVI), peripapillary vascular density (ppVD), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL), vascular density (VD) in both the superficial and deep retinal vascular complexes, total perfusion area (PA), small vessel density (SVD), disc area, vascular density (FD300) within a 300 µm radius of the foveal center, and capillary plexus blood flow density (P<0.05). …”
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Secure and Lightweight Cipher for Resource-constrained IoT Healthcare Applications using Snake Key Generation by Saja Kareem Ismael, Mohamed Ibrahim Shujaa, Ahmed Bahaaulddin A. Alwahhab

“…This finding is crucial for securing important healthcare data, especially given the complexity of IoT devices, which transmit vital patient health information. …”
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Physicochemical Properties and Molecular Insights of Favipiravir and Roflumilast Solid Dispersions for COVID-19 Treatment by Abdul Rauf, Saad Salman

“…However, developing multi-drug formulations remains challenging due to complexities in drug compatibility, stability, and dissolution behavior. …”
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Efficient spectral data reduction for accurate iodine quantification in multi-energy CT by Olivia F. Sandvold, Roland Proksa, Heiner Daerr, Amy E. Perkins, Kevin M. Brown, Thomas Koehler, Ravindra M. Manjeshwar, Peter B. Noël

“…We introduce a weighting scheme that reduces acquired four spectral channels—derived from a dual-layer, rapid kVp-switching (kVp-S) CT setup—into two optimized input channels for material decomposition. …”
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The regulation of LRPs by miRNAs in cancer: influencing cancer characteristics and responses to treatment by Lianyue Qu, Fan Wang, Yuxiang Wang, Zixuan Li

“…When examining the emerging concept of the interaction between miRNAs and LRPs, we emphasize the significance of these complex regulatory layers in the initiation and progression of cancer. …”
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A Highly Robust Encoder–Decoder Network with Multi-Scale Feature Enhancement and Attention Gate for the Reduction of Mixed Gaussian and Salt-and-Pepper Noise in Digital Images by Milan Tripathi, Waree Kongprawechnon, Toshiaki Kondo

“…Statistical analysis further highlights the model’s ability to effectively remove noise in diverse, complex scenarios with images of varying resolutions across multiple domains.…”
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Flow and Transport in Coastal Aquifer‐Aquitard Systems: Experimental and Numerical Analysis by Jiaxu Zhang, Chunhui Lu, Chengji Shen, Yuxuan Liu, Adrian D. Werner, Chenming Zhang

“…These findings have important implications for unveiling the complex characteristics of seawater intrusion, SGD and geochemical hotspots within layered coastal aquifers.…”
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Modular Design of Interfaces in Nanostructures from Quasicrystalline Blocks by A. E. Madison, P. A. Madison, V. A. Moshnikov, A. V. Solomonov

“…A possible solution to this problem is epitaxial matching between individual layers of the nanostructure. More complex structures are built on the principles of modular design. …”
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Substances of religious semantics in -ets in Russian of the XVIII – first quarter of the XIX centuries (on the material of the civil seal dictionaries) by S. V. Feliksov

“…This formant, as the study showed, could participate in the formation of both personal and non-personal specific substances of religious semantics that have a complex thematic organization. This formant could participate in the formation of both personal and non-personal specific substances of religious semantics that have a complex thematic organization. …”
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WDM-UNet: A Wavelet-Deformable Gated Fusion Network for Multi-Scale Retinal Vessel Segmentation by Xinlong Li, Hang Zhou

“…To preserve fine structural details and facilitate contextual information flow across layers, the model incorporates skip connections with a hierarchical fusion strategy, enabling the effective integration of shallow and deep features. …”
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Experimental and Numerical Study of CFRP Laminate Strengthened Concrete Beams Under Hygrothermal Environment by Eyad Alsuhaibani, Nur Yazdani, Eyosias Beneberu

“…This included concrete compressive strength, number of CFRP layers, laminate thickness, and FRP type. The study elucidates the complex interplay between environmental exposure, material properties, and structural performance, contributing valuable insights for enhancing durability predictions and design guidelines for CFRP-strengthened concrete structures in diverse climatic conditions.…”
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Dense-TNT: Efficient Vehicle Type Classification Neural Network Using Satellite Imagery by Ruikang Luo, Yaofeng Song, Longfei Ye, Rong Su

“…To improve vehicle type classification capability under complex environments, this study proposes a novel Densely Connected Convolutional Transformer-in-Transformer Neural Network (Dense-TNT) framework for vehicle type classification by stacking Densely Connected Convolutional Network (DenseNet) and Transformer-in-Transformer (TNT) layers. …”
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LMD_YOLO: A Lightweight and Efficient Model for Pavement Defects Detection by Shuai He, Ye Yuan, Bingyang Yin

“…While automated detection systems are essential, existing approaches face challenges such as complex road environments, diverse defect types, and high computational requirements for real-time processing. …”
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Innovative geoelectrical methods for comprehensive groundwater evaluation in East Java, Indonesia by Sri Wahyuni, Gunawan Prayitno, Ikhwan Elhuda, Dian Sisinggih, Kazuyoshi Souma, Wasiska Iyati, Prasetyo Rubiantoro

“…Employing the Schlumberger electrode configuration, VES detected aquiferous layers at 90 to 120 m, with water production rates between 2 and 6 liters per second. …”
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Planes of endurance by Clifford van Ommen

“…These notions provide a matrix which allows a more complex understanding of the distinction drawn between the body and the environment and the biological and the socio-cultural…”
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A Comprehensive Survey on Machine and Deep Learning for Optical Communications by Mohammad Ali Amirabadi, S. Alireza Nezamalhosseini, Mohammad Hossein Kahaei, Lawrence R. Chen

“…Their adoption is fueled by the growing intricacy of systems and links, driven by numerous adjustable and interdependent parameters. This complexity is particularly evident in areas such as coherent transceivers, advanced digital signal processing, optical performance monitoring, cross-layer network optimizations, and nonlinearity compensation. …”
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