Assessment of students’ critical thinking maturity in the process of teaching philosophy by A. I. Pavlovskij, O. V. Pavlovskaya

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Waste Reduction Analysis with Lean Manufacturing Approach by Eulis Yulianti Faridah, Trio Yonathan Teja Kusuma

“…As a result, the production capacity of 1040 pcs per day cannot be achieved, and is only able to produce at the rate of 200-300 pcs. As a calculation reference to determine the degree of accuracy, a adequacy and uniformity test of the data will be carried out, then calculate the rating factor and determine the allowance for the calculation of normal time and standard time. …”
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Modeling Burst Error Processes in ITU-T G.hnem-Based PLC Systems: Noisy Indoor Environment Analysis Using a Generative Semi-Hidden Markov Model by Akintunde Oluremi Iyiola, Theo G. Swart, Ayokunle Damilola Familua, Thokozani Shongwe

“…A comparative analysis of reference error sequences and SHMM simulations demonstrates the model’s ability to accurately replicate NB-PLC-specific error dynamics, including error clustering and state transitions. …”
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Investigation on training needs of newly recruited nurses in Traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals (北京市中医医疗机构新入职护士培训需求调查) by XU Jingjin (徐京巾), LI Ye (李野), ZHANG Jing (张敬), TANG Ling (唐玲)

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Absolute pitch: Common traits in music and language by Andrzej RAKOWSKI, Ken'ichi MIYAZAKI

“…Absolute pitch in music means an ability of long-term auditory memory to store pitch standards corresponding to within-octave musical pitch classes, based on a generally recognized reference pitch. …”
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Vulnérabilité et Stratégies durables de gestion des risques : Une étude appliquée aux ménages ruraux de Madagascar by Claire Gondard-Delcroix, Sophie Rousseau

“…Thus, a man, as a responsible person develops strategies to protect himself against risks and to improve his standards of living. The agent is therefore a person aware of the risks he/she may run and of his/her ability to act on his/her endowment with preventive and offensive measures. …”
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Predictive equations using regression analysis of pulmonary function for healthy children in Northeast China. by Ya-Nan Ma, Jing Wang, Guang-Hui Dong, Miao-Miao Liu, Da Wang, Yu-Qin Liu, Yang Zhao, Wan-Hui Ren, Yungling Leo Lee, Ya-Dong Zhao, Qin-Cheng He

“…<h4>Background</h4>There have been few published studies on spirometric reference values for healthy children in China. We hypothesize that there would have been changes in lung function that would not have been precisely predicted by the existing spirometric reference equations. …”
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Quality and Vision in the Romanian Tourism Agencies by Anca Atanase, Ion Schileru

“…The reference objectives of the work’s authors are the identification of optimum criteria of appreciation for the touristic services / products, the supply of some elements of good practice in the field, the conception of quality standards applicable in tourism organisations. …”
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The effect of hair and beard on the airtightness of gas masks by Hanyeol Nam, Janggyu Kang, Changryeol Lee, Sungki Kim

“… This study aims to quantitatively analyze the correlation between hair and beard and the airtightness of gas masks in response to the escalating threat of chemical and biological warfare, changes in military personnel regulations, and grooming standards. Airtightness refers to the ability of a gas mask to fit snugly on the user face, thereby preventing the infiltration of harmful external substances, that is among the primary functions of the mask. …”
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Time Scale in Alternative Positioning, Navigation, and Timing: New Dynamic Radio Resource Assignments and Clock Steering Strategies by Khanh Pham

“…By making the IEM estimation sensor more intelligent and running it on the anchor platform while also optimizing the steering of remote frequency standards on participating platforms, the networked control system can better predict the future behavior of local reference clocks paired with low-noise oscillators. …”
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Developing a Green Information Technology Framework for Sustainable Operations in Iran's Trade Promotion Organization by Fariborz Anvarifar, Mohammad Reza Bagherzadeh, Yousof Gholi Pourkanani, Mojtaba Tabari

“…The study's implications extend to environmental policy, offering a valuable reference for policymakers aiming to promote green IT initiatives across different sectors. …”
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Fighting Fungal Threats: Verification of an antifungal susceptibility assay to improve antifungal stewardship in the management of Candida infections by Miss Ashleigh Hale, Miss Disha Lawrence, Mr Adam Pattinson

“…Of these 19, 11 were identified through MALDI-ToF as Candida albicans and 6 as Candida glabrata, with the remainder identified as Candida tropcalis and Candida dublinensis. The reference laboratory provided MIC values and used Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints for interpretation, whereas the MICRONAUT-AM assay interpreted MIC values using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints. …”
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From data extraction to analysis: a comparative study of ELISE capabilities in scientific literature by Maxime Gobin, Muriel Gosnat, Seindé Toure, Lina Faik, Joel Belafa, Antoine Villedieu de Torcy, Florence Armstrong

“…Human experts established reference benchmarks, while AI Evaluator models ensure objective performance measurement. …”
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Reliability and validity of the UK Biobank cognitive tests. by Chloe Fawns-Ritchie, Ian J Deary

“…The measure of general cognitive ability based on the UK Biobank cognitive tests correlated at r = 0.83 (p < .001) with a measure of general cognitive ability created using the reference tests. …”
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Analysis of Common Causes of Out-of-Specification Results in the Test for Depressor Substances by TONG Xiyang, QUE Changtian, ZHANG Feng, ZHAO Lu, WANG Hongping

“…Based on a review of the literature and practical work experience, this article analyzes the causes of OOS in the test for depressor substances from the following five aspects: (1) an analysis of the impact of drug standards on OOS from three aspects: standard determination, standard content, and standard drafting; (2) personnel qualifications, including pre-employment training, compliance with standard operating procedures during experimental operations, and the ability to operate instruments; (3) factors related to cats, used as experimental animals in the test for depressor substances, including physiological characteristics, genetic background, and abnormal conditions during the experiment; (4) reference substances, reagents, test samples, and key instruments such as the multi-channel physiological signal instrument; (5) experimental operations including animal anesthesia, arterial and venous catheterization, drug administration, and data processing. …”
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Classification of Mass Spectral Data to Assist in the Identification of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids by Kristopher C. Evans-Newman, Garion L. Schneider, Nuwan T. Perera

“…Detection and characterization of newly synthesized cannabinoids (NSCs) is challenging due to the lack of availability of reference standards and chemical data. In this study, a binary classification system was developed and validated using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) by utilizing readily available mass spectral data of known drugs to assist in the identification of previously unknown NCSs. …”
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Can AI-Based ChatGPT Models Accurately Analyze Hand–Wrist Radiographs? A Comparative Study by Ahmet Yıldırım, Orhan Cicek, Yavuz Selim Genç

“…<b>Methods</b>: This study evaluated the performance of three ChatGPT-based models (GPT-4o, GPT-o4-mini-high, and GPT-o1-pro) in predicting bone age and growth stage using 90 anonymized hand–wrist radiographs (30 from each growth stage—pre-peak, peak, and post-peak—with equal male and female distribution). Reference standards were ensured by expert orthodontists using Fishman’s Skeletal Maturity Indicators (SMI) system and the Greulich–Pyle Atlas, with each radiograph analyzed by three GPT models using standardized prompts. …”
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Automated Skin Cancer Report Generation via a Knowledge-Distilled Vision-Language Model by Lawhori Chakrabarti, Boyu Zhang, Hengyi Tian, Aleksandar Vakanski, Min Xian

“…The reports are organized into clinically relevant sections&#x2014;Findings, Impression, and Differential Diagnosis&#x2014;aligned with dermatological standards. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the system&#x2019;s ability to produce accurate and interpretable reports. …”
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Automatic control technology of mechanical equipment based on microelectronic sensor signal control by Xiaofeng Wei, Yi Wei

“…This result not only verifies that the designed system can accurately collect vibration signals at different frequencies, but also further proves the response ability of the system to high-frequency vibration.ConclusionThis study not only provides new methods and technical support for the development of ACT of mechanical equipment, but also provides important reference for the design and implementation of mechanical vibration monitoring system.…”
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Analysis of Colorfastness in Metallic Prints Using Absorption Spectroscopy by Sylvia Owusua Donkor, Samuel Sonko Sackey, Michael Kwame Vowotor, Charles Lloyd Yeboah Amuah, Rabbi Boateng, Ebenezer Teye Tatchie, Jerry Opoku-Ansah, Peter Osei-Wusu Adueming

“…The identified peaks were between 200 nm and 370 nm, which lie within the UV–Vis absorption band of synthetic dyes referred to as azo dyes. The liquid soap bled more dye under the same washing conditions, with fabric Y demonstrating an inferior ability to retain its dye compared to fabric X. …”
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