The secreted triose phosphate isomerase of Brugia malayi is required to sustain microfilaria production in vivo. by James P Hewitson, Dominik Rückerl, Yvonne Harcus, Janice Murray, Lauren M Webb, Simon A Babayan, Judith E Allen, Agnes Kurniawan, Rick M Maizels

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Myeloid infection links epithelial and B cell tropisms of Murid Herpesvirus-4. by Bruno Frederico, Ricardo Milho, Janet S May, Laurent Gillet, Philip G Stevenson

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Type I interferons and MAVS signaling are necessary for tissue resident memory CD8+ T cell responses to RSV infection. by Augusto Varese, Joy Nakawesi, Ana Farias, Freja C M Kirsebom, Michelle Paulsen, Rinat Nuriev, Cecilia Johansson

“…Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) can confer protection from pathogen re-infection and, in human experimental RSV infection, the presence of lung CD8+ TRM cells correlates with a better outcome. …”
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CMPK2 restricts Zika virus replication by inhibiting viral translation. by Joanna B Pawlak, Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu, Hongjie Xia, Patrick Han, Hee-Won Suh, Tyler L Grove, Juliet Morrison, Pei-Yong Shi, Peter Cresswell, Maudry Laurent-Rolle

“…Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify host and viral factors that can be targeted for effective therapeutic intervention. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to microbial products is one of the host's first line of defense against invading pathogens. …”
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A systemic macrophage response is required to contain a peripheral poxvirus infection. by Michael L Davies, Nikhil J Parekh, Lauren W Kaminsky, Chetna Soni, Irene E Reider, Tracy E Krouse, Matthew A Fischer, Nico van Rooijen, Ziaur S M Rahman, Christopher C Norbury

“…The goal of the innate immune system is to reduce pathogen spread prior to the initiation of an effective adaptive immune response. …”
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Increased Abundance of M Cells in the Gut Epithelium Dramatically Enhances Oral Prion Disease Susceptibility. by David S Donaldson, Anuj Sehgal, Daniel Rios, Ifor R Williams, Neil A Mabbott

“…Determining the route by which prions establish host infection will identify the important factors that influence oral prion disease susceptibility and to which intervention strategies can be developed. After exposure, the early accumulation and replication of prions within small intestinal Peyer's patches is essential for the efficient spread of disease to the brain. …”
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Regulation of diel locomotor activity and retinal responses of Anopheles stephensi by ingested histamine and serotonin is temperature- and infection-dependent. by Kevin O Ochwedo, Xiaodi Wang, Nora Céspedes, Ronald E Bentil, Ryan Wild, Emily Hernandez, Amy Hernandez, Hannah L Kaylor, Yared Debebe, Jyotishka Datta, Michael A Robert, Jeffrey A Riffell, Edwin E Lewis, Shirley Luckhart

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Hypoxia inducible factor signaling modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection via a nitric oxide dependent mechanism. by Philip M Elks, Sabrina Brizee, Michiel van der Vaart, Sarah R Walmsley, Fredericus J van Eeden, Stephen A Renshaw, Annemarie H Meijer

“…Tuberculosis is a current major world-health problem, exacerbated by the causative pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotic treatment. …”
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The contribution of social behaviour to the transmission of influenza A in a human population. by Adam J Kucharski, Kin O Kwok, Vivian W I Wei, Benjamin J Cowling, Jonathan M Read, Justin Lessler, Derek A Cummings, Steven Riley

“…Variability in the risk of transmission for respiratory pathogens can result from several factors, including the intrinsic properties of the pathogen, the immune state of the host and the host's behaviour. …”
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Unique biofilm signature, drug susceptibility and decreased virulence in Drosophila through the Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-component system PprAB. by Sophie de Bentzmann, Caroline Giraud, Christophe S Bernard, Virginie Calderon, Friederike Ewald, Patrick Plésiat, Cathy Nguyen, Didier Grunwald, Ina Attree, Katy Jeannot, Marie-Odile Fauvarque, Christophe Bordi

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Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to persistent CNS infection and long-term cognitive impairment. by Abigail J Dutton, Evelyn M Turnbaugh, Chaya D Patel, Callaghan R Garland, Sean A Taylor, Roberto Alers-Velazquez, David M Knipe, Katherine M Nautiyal, David A Leib

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Molecular phylodynamics of the heterosexual HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom. by Gareth J Hughes, Esther Fearnhill, David Dunn, Samantha J Lycett, Andrew Rambaut, Andrew J Leigh Brown, UK HIV Drug Resistance Collaboration

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A conserved fungal Knr4/Smi1 protein is crucial for maintaining cell wall stress tolerance and host plant pathogenesis. by Erika Kroll, Carlos Bayon, Jason Rudd, Victoria J Armer, Anjana Magaji-Umashankar, Ryan Ames, Martin Urban, Neil A Brown, Kim Hammond-Kosack

“…Orthologues of the FgKnr4 gene are widespread across the fungal kingdom but are absent in other Eukaryotes, suggesting the protein has potential as a promising intervention target. Encouragingly, the restricted growth and highly reduced virulence phenotypes observed for ΔFgknr4 were replicated upon deletion of the orthologous gene in the wheat fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. …”
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Bacteroides- and Prevotella-enriched gut microbial clusters associate with metabolic risks by Yi Rou Bah, Kairi Baba, Dayang Nurul Asyiqin Binte Mustafa, Satoshi Watanabe, Aya K. Takeda, Tomoya Yamashita, Kazuyuki Kasahara

“…The B2 and P2 enterotypes were characterized by reduced abundance of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers (Faecalibacterium, Anaerostipes) and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens (Fusobacterium and Veillonella for B2, Megamonas and Megasphaera for P2). …”
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Tim-3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human tuberculosis (TB) exhibit polarized effector memory phenotypes and stronger anti-TB effector functions. by Yueqin Qiu, Jianbo Chen, Hongying Liao, Yan Zhang, Hua Wang, Shaoyuan Li, Yanfen Luo, Danyun Fang, Guobao Li, Boping Zhou, Ling Shen, Crystal Y Chen, Dan Huang, Jiye Cai, Kaiyuan Cao, Lifang Jiang, Gucheng Zeng, Zheng W Chen

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Identification of immune correlates of fatal outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. by Jonathan Youngs, Nicholas M Provine, Nicholas Lim, Hannah R Sharpe, Ali Amini, Yi-Ling Chen, Jian Luo, Matthew D Edmans, Panagiota Zacharopoulou, Wentao Chen, Oliver Sampson, Robert Paton, William J Hurt, David A Duncan, Anna L McNaughton, Vincent N Miao, Susannah Leaver, Duncan L A Wyncoll, Jonathan Ball, Philip Hopkins, Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 response T cell Consortium, Oxford Protective T cell Immunology for COVID-19 (OPTIC) Clinical team, Donal T Skelly, Eleanor Barnes, Susanna Dunachie, Graham Ogg, Teresa Lambe, Ian Pavord, Alex K Shalek, Craig P Thompson, Luzheng Xue, Derek C Macallan, Philip Goulder, Paul Klenerman, Tihana Bicanic

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Dissecting the molecular diversity and commonality of bovine and human treponemes identifies key survival and adhesion mechanisms. by Gareth J Staton, Simon R Clegg, Stuart Ainsworth, Stuart Armstrong, Stuart D Carter, Alan D Radford, Alistair Darby, Jonathan Wastling, Neil Hall, Nicholas J Evans

“…Comparison of both bovine DD and GI treponemes as well as bovine pathogenic and human non-pathogenic saprophyte Treponema phagedenis strains indicates genes encoding a five-enzyme biosynthetic pathway for production of 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid, a rare di-N-acetylated mannuronic acid sugar, as important for pathogenesis. …”
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Interleukin-17A signaling promotes CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity against West Nile virus infection through enhancing PI3K-mTOR-mediated metabolism. by Farzana Nazneen, Biswas Neupane, Yao Chen, Shazeed-Ul Karim, Zongbing You, Weiguo Cui, Fengwei Bai

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Distinct neutralization sensitivity between adult and infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C viruses to broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. by Bongiwe Ndlovu, Kamini Gounder, Nelisiwe Zikhali, Lanish Singh, Ntokozo Ntshangase, Nombali Gumede, Jane Millar, Rebecca T van Dorsten, Nicholas E Grayson, David Bonsall, Sandra E Chaudron, Jennifer Mabuka, Krista L Dong, Bruce D Walker, Penny L Moore, Philip J R Goulder, Thumbi Ndung'u

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Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 ameliorates LPS-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors by modulating gut microbiota and brain metabolic function by Xiaolong Mo, Siyi Guo, Dian He, Qisheng Cheng, Yichun Yang, Haiyang Wang, Yikun Ren, Lanxiang Liu, Peng Xie

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