A War Tactician: K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd by Hüseyin Gökalp

“…K̲h̲ālid was an extraordinary warrior and commander who lived in 7th century and led Muslim armies against Romans and Sassanids. He managed to fight against two great power of the day at the same time in an unusual way. …”
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La mousson, pluie des agriculteurs et vent des marins by Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave

“…But monsoon obliges the travelers to accomodate to its very particular annual calendars : it directs the boats alternatively from west to east and from east to west.The cultural frame of the paper focalizes the arabo-muslim world of the 8th-16th, 18th centuries, with glimpses on the other cultures (in term of boats, travels, travelers, products).We shall evocate the action of the monsoon on the land and the adaptation of the small farmers to those rains, but also the good and bad consequences of those rains for the societies.We also shall evocate the steps of the trade (chinese, indian, arabic, persian, then portuguese, english and french), some great oriental and occidental travelers, their aims.For the Europeans in the Indian Ocean, that monsoon route has been first the alternative to the inside asiatic route, the silk route. …”
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