The complexity of references to the temporarily suspended norms of international tax treaties by I. A. Khavanova

“…A reference norm is a norm, the constructive feature of which is the algorithm for combining normative prescriptions (internal and external in relation to the reference norm). …”
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An artificial neural network approach to comparative aspects: A predictive analysis of magnetic dipole on the heat transfer of maxwell hybrid nano coolants flow in an inclined cyli... by J. Aruna, H. Niranjan

“…The implementation of MATLAB with its built-in bvp4c numerical solver converts the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, and a multilayer perception -artificial neural network (ANN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm predicts skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers. …”
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SiCRNN: A Siamese Approach for Sleep Apnea Identification via Tracheal Microphone Signals by Davide Lillini, Carlo Aironi, Lucia Migliorelli, Leonardo Gabrielli, Stefano Squartini

“…It involves pauses in breathing during sleep, for at least 10 s, due to partial or total airway blockage. The current gold standard for diagnosing SAS is polysomnography (PSG), an intrusive procedure that depends on subjective assessment by expert clinicians. …”
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Prediction of Total Soluble Solids in Apricot Using Adaptive Boosting Ensemble Model Combined with NIR and High-Frequency UVE-Selected Variables by Feng Gao, Yage Xing, Jialong Li, Lin Guo, Yiye Sun, Wen Shi, Leiming Yuan

“…Subsequent data processes included three steps: (1) 100 continuous runs of UVE identified characteristic wavelengths, which were classified into three levels—high-frequency (≥90 times), medium-frequency (30–90 times), and low-frequency (≤30 times) subsets; (2) the development of the base optimal partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for each wavelength subset; and (3) the execution of adaptive weight optimization through the Adaboost ensemble algorithm. …”
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Vehicle Detection and Shape Refinement Based on LiDAR by YU An, HU Dongfang, WANG Xuepeng, ZHANG Jin, ZHOU Yan, XIE Guotao, QIN Xiaohui, HU Manjiang

“…Although the existing vehicle detection algorithm based on lidar can accurately detect and classify each target vehicle, there is a problem of unstable estimation when the vehicle point cloud contour is partially obscured in an "L" shape. …”
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Diagnosis of winter precipitation types using the spectral bin model (version 1DSBM-19M): comparison of five methods using ICE-POP 2018 field experiment data by W. Bang, J. T. Carlin, K. Kim, A. V. Ryzhkov, A. V. Ryzhkov, G. Liu, G. Lee

“…Three reference WPTs (snow (SN), rain (RA), and RASN) are obtained from particle size velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer data using a newly proposed decision tree algorithm. …”
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Real-time and universal network for volumetric imaging from microscale to macroscale at high resolution by Bingzhi Lin, Feng Xing, Liwei Su, Kekuan Wang, Yulan Liu, Diming Zhang, Xusan Yang, Huijun Tan, Zhijing Zhu, Depeng Wang

“…Unfortunately, to our knowledge, no one has reported a universal high-resolution light-field image reconstruction algorithm that is compatible with microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. …”
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Hybrid geometry optimization to mitigate maximum temperature gradient in solid oxide fuel cells without lowering the net output performance by Hongkun Li, Tongyu Dai, Tiantian Hu, Weiqun Liu, Qiao Zhu, Dawei Dong

“…On the basis of the optimal perturbed fluid structure, the optimal anode diffusion layer thickness, cathode diffusion layer thickness and electrolyte layer thickness are identified based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which are 621.82 μm, 80 μm and 15.61 μm, respectively. …”
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Development and validation of a machine learning model based on multiple kernel for predicting the recurrence risk of Budd-Chiari syndrome by Weirong Xue, Bing Xu, Hui Wang, Xiaoxiao Zhu, Jiajia Qin, Guangshuang Zhou, Peilin Yu, Shengli Li, Yingliang Jin

“…Hyperparameters for each model were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the validation set. …”
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Room-temperature upcycling of agricultural waste to carbon dots and its application as a selective fluorescence nanoprobe for iron (III) analysis in diverse samples by Heba M. Hashem, Mahmoud El-Maghrabey, Hadir Borg, Galal Magdy, Fathalla Belal, Rania El-Shaheny

“…The method whiteness has also been assessed by the RGB 12 algorithm, which gives a whiteness parameter of 92.5 that highlights its practicality, greenness, and analytical performance. …”
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Optimizing intelligent reflecting surface assisted visible light communication networks under blockage and practical constraints using TLBO for IoT applications by Vipul Dixit, Ajit Kumar, Nishant Sharan, Shikha Pandey, Atul Kumar, Ram Sewak Singh

“…Additionally, detailed convergence analysis demonstrates that TLBO performs better than Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in terms of convergence speed, higher fitness value and lower sensitivity to initial conditions, making it most suitable for real-time IRS-VLC based IoT applications.…”
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Inversion Study of Hydrogeological Parameters for Metro Foundation Pit Confined Aquifiers Based on Surrogate Modeling by YE Ru, DI Honggui, ZHU Zhitai, ZHU Yilong, JIANG Bin, XIANG Longsheng, CHAI Dongsheng, YAO Qiyu

“…An LSTM (long- and short-term memory) deep learning model is introduced to build a surrogate model of confined aquifer water level variations. Combined with a particle swarm optimization algorithm and based on field-measured data, an inverse analysis of the confined aquifer permeability and storage coefficients is conducted. …”
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Predicting the Activity Level of the Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) via Machine Learning by Fan Jiang, Peng Peng, Zhenting Xu, Yu Xu, Ding Yang, Shouquan Chai, Shuai Yuan, Limin Hua, Dawei Wang, Xuanye Wen

“…Because traditional assessment methods are difficult to monitor and cannot effectively predict the population growth trend of R. opimus, an R. opimus activity prediction model was constructed using the particle swarm optimization algorithm‐extreme learning machine (PSO‐ELM). …”
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Study on Dust Distribution Law in Open-Pit Coal Mines Based on Depth Variation by Dongmei Tian, Xiyao Wu, Jian Yao, Weiyu Qu, Jimao Shi, Kaishuo Yang, Jiayun Wang

“…The research team developed a three-dimensional geological model updating algorithm with depth gradient as the characteristic parameter, enabling dynamic monitoring of mining depth with a model iteration accuracy of 0.5 m per update. …”
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Neural network-based performance prediction of marine UHPC with coarse aggregates by Yunhao Luan, Dongbo Cai, Deming Wang, Changqing Luo, Anni Wang, Chao Wang, Degao Kong, Chaohui Xu, Sining Huang

“…The performance of UHPC-CA was predicted in this paper based on five prediction models: multiple linear regression, multiple nonlinear regression, traditional neural network (T-BP), principal component approach neural network (PCA-BP), and improved neural network based on genetic algorithm (GA-BP). Seven influencing factors were taken as input, such as coarse aggregate type, coarse aggregate content, steel fiber type, steel fiber content, water-binder ratio, rubber particle sand replacement rate and curing system. …”
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Development and benchmarking of a thermal lumped model for the magnetron injection gun of the MW-power ITER European gyrotron by A. Antonione, R. Bertazzoni, G. Carannante, K. Cindric, M. Ferrari, A. Leggieri, F. Sanchez, G. De Tommasi

“…The model has been re-implemented in C++ for better computational performances and therefore making it particularly suitable to be exploited by data-driven model identification algorithms and real-time control codes. In this paper the model parameters are identified by using a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm on experimental data and the model validation is finally carried out on a dedicated dataset, aiming at providing a tool to design and to be integrated into the control system of the machine.…”
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Failure thresholds and weak part identification in cascade reservoir system: A risk-based optimization framework by Haibin Wang, Jiahong Liu, Chao Mei, Jia Wang, Tianxu Song

“…Secondly, a dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) model optimizes outflow strategies during flood events. …”
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Enhancing Hajj and Umrah Services Through Predictive Social Media Classification by Samia Allaoua Chelloug, Mohammed Saleh Ali Muthanna, Faisal Jamil, Mehdhar S. A. M. Al-Gaashani, Soha Alhelaly, Ahmed Aziz, Ammar Muthanna

“…By incorporating a service-level score algorithm based on the TextBlob NLP library, each post is accurately classified and utilized as a feature in a supervised machine-learning classification system. …”
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Impedance Characteristic-Based Frequency-Domain Parameter Identification Method for Photovoltaic Controllers by Yujia Tang, Xin Zhou, Yihua Zhu, Junzhen Peng, Chao Luo, Li Zhang, Jinling Qi

“…A frequency-segmented parameter identification method is introduced, capable of fast convergence without relying on a specific optimization algorithm. Finally, the proposed method’s identification results are compared with actual values, voltage ride-through-based identification, particle swarm optimization results, and results under uncertain conditions. …”
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An Enhanced Framework for Assessing Pluvial Flooding Risk with Integrated Dynamic Population Vulnerability at Urban Scale by Xinyi Shu, Chenlei Ye, Zongxue Xu, Ruting Liao, Pengyue Song, Silong Zhang

“…This study uses Jinan, a typical foothill plain city in Shandong Province, as a case study to compare the performance of differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in calibrating the SWMM. …”
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