Variable Structure Control and Its Ground Experimental Test for the Space Station Robot by Feilong Zhang, Bi Zhang, Bing Han, Danyang Qu, Xingang Zhao

“…To save cost and improve the efficiency of the test, this paper develops a plan in which controllers undergo preliminary testing in a 6-DOF industrial robot. …”
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Multivariate Spatial Autoregressive Model with Latent Variables: Application to Economic Growth Modeling by Anik Anekawati, Purhadi, Mohammad Rofik

“…Therefore, this research developed a model that involved multivariate data, latent variables, and spatial data, specifically spatial autoregressive, in the form of a multivariate spatial autoregressive model that involves latent variables (MSAR-VLs). …”
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Modeling and Simulation of an Intelligent Photovoltaic Controller Based on Variable Step Algorithm of Versoria by Bo Sun, Yongquan You, Zhiyong Zhang, Chao Li

“…For the limitation of fuzzy control algorithm, considering the property of the Versoria function, an MPPT design method for an intelligent controller based on the Versoria variable step algorithm is further proposed. …”
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Near-Infrared Electronically-Controlled Variable Attenuator for W-Band Frequency Range by Suren Gigoyan, Mohammad-Reza Nezhad-Ahmadi

“…This attenuation mechanism provides levels up to 50 dB and ensures precise, energy-efficient operation. The measured return loss (S11) is higher than 17 dB throughout the frequency range of 75 to 110 GHz. …”
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Stochastic Characteristics and Optimal Control for a Stochastic Chemostat Model with Variable Yield by Rong Yan, Shulin Sun

“…In this paper, a stochastic chemostat model with variable yield and Contois growth function is investigated. …”
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Method for solving mixed boundary value problems for parabolic type equations by using modifications Lagrange-Sturm-Liouville operators by Alexandr Trynin

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Age differences in the variability and distribution of sleep spindle and rapid eye movement densities. by Kevin R Peters, Laura B Ray, Stuart Fogel, Valerie Smith, Carlyle T Smith

“…Although age differences were observed in the degree of absolute variability (older adults had significantly larger variances than young adults for sleep efficiency and time spent awake after sleep onset), a similar pattern was also observed within the two age groups: the four sleep measures with the lowest degrees of relative variability were the same and included time spent in REM and Stage 2 sleep, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency. …”
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A Home-Based Self-Powered Rehabilitation System With Variable Stiffness Mechanism by Ke Shi, Yingchen Gao, Maozeng Zhang, Lifeng Zhu, Aiguo Song

“…However, the lack of real-time therapist supervision requires higher safety, ease of use, and training efficiency of the rehabilitation system. Therefore, active robot rehabilitation systems may not be particularly ideal for home use due to high costs, large footprints, safety concerns, and the potential for motor slacking. …”
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Interannual variability in thermal state of the upper mixed layer in the Bering Sea in winter by V. A. Luchin

“…Series of annual mean fields of the mixed layer temperature in December-March were decomposed by applying the empirical orthogonal function (EOF); dynamics of the first two components of decomposition (described in sum 50.4 % of the initial fields variability) are analyzed. …”
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A Novel Method for Inverting Deep-Sea Sound-Speed Profiles Based on Hybrid Data Fusion Combined with Surface Sound Speed by Qiang Yuan, Weiming Xu, Shaohua Jin, Xiaohan Yu, Xiaodong Ma, Tong Sun

“…By constructing a high-resolution regional sound speed field through WOA23 and historical SSP fusion, this method effectively mitigates spatiotemporal heterogeneity and seasonal variability. The artificial lemming algorithm (ALA) is introduced to optimize the inversion of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) coefficients, enhancing global search efficiency while avoiding local optimization. …”
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Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant ADRC for Variable-Load Quadrotor with Prescribed Performance by Zhichen Li, Qiaoran Wang, Huaicheng Yan

“…The method offers a promising solution for robust and efficient quadrotor control in complex environments.…”
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Sparsity‐optimised farrow structure variable fractional delay filter for wideband array by Wenjing Zhou, Mingwei Shen, Min Xu, Guodong Han, Yudong Zhang

“…The established cost function is formulated as a parametric minimisation problem with multiple regularisation constraints, and solved by the modified three‐block alternating direction multiplier method (MTB‐ADMM), which is improved by introducing core variable correction items to ensure stable and fast convergence. …”
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Analysis of the variability of morphometric and physiological parameters of grain crops when using biofertilizers by D. G. Fedorova, L. V. Galaktionova

“…The parameters of photosynthetic activity play an important role in photosynthesis and ensure the efficient functioning of plants under various conditions. …”
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Variational Bayesian Variable Selection in Logistic Regression Based on Spike-and-Slab Lasso by Juanjuan Zhang, Weixian Wang, Mingming Yang, Maozai Tian

“…The method of introducing a new hidden variable or approximating the lower bound is used to solve the problem of logistic functions without conjugate priors. …”
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Exploring the impact of AI on employee self-competence performance key variables and outcomes by Anas Amayreh, Mohammad A. Ta’Amnha, Ihab K. Magableh, Maher H. Mahrouq, Salsabila Aisyah Alfaiza

“…Abstract In the dynamic business world, organizations must upgrade their functioning and develop human resources skills to achieve optimal performance. …”
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Comparative Evaluation of Feed-Forward Neural Networks for Predicting Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Seybaplaya Carbonate Rock Cores by Jose W. Naal-Pech, Leonardo Palemón-Arcos, Youness El Hamzaoui

“…This work presents a comprehensive evaluation of four feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) architectures—radial basis function (RBF), Bayesian regularized (BR), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM)—to predict UCS from three readily measured variables: water content, interconnected porosity, and real density. …”
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Geospatial analysis of soil property variability in cyclone-affected areas of southern Malawi by Jabulani Nyengere, Innocent Gomani, Isaac Tchuwa, Wilfred Kadewa, Agnes Mercy Hamisi, Chikondi Chisenga, Emmanuel Chinkaka, Weston Mwase, Precious Masuku, Harineck Tholo

“…The soil properties exhibited significant variability, as demonstrated by the coefficients of variation, with available phosphorus (P) showing the highest variability at 156.9%, followed by exchangeable potassium (K +) at 139.6% and electrical conductivity (EC) at 95.3%. …”
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Modified GIC Estimation Using 3‐D Earth Conductivity by Anna Kelbert, Greg M. Lucas

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Influence of Emergent Vegetation Layout on Flow Pattern in a Rectangular Shallow Basin by Junnan LYU, Yuxuan JIANG, Zhidong YAO, Chen YE, Xufeng YAN

“…The hydrodynamics within a shallow basin dictate its efficiency in treatment, water exchange rate, and the ratio of stagnant water areas. …”
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Frequency function and damping function in assessment of dynamic processes in mechanical oscillatory systems with symmetry by A. V. Eliseev

“…The study objective is to develop a method forevaluating properties of the mechanical oscillatory systems with account for viscous friction forces based on frequency functions and damping functions that depend on the so-called coefficient of connection forms, which is the ratio of characteristics of generalized coordinates.Materials and Methods. …”
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