Addressing Challenges in Simulating Inter–Annual Variability of Gross Primary Production by Ranit De, Shanning Bao, Sujan Koirala, Alexander Brenning, Markus Reichstein, Torbern Tagesson, Michael Liddell, Andreas Ibrom, Sebastian Wolf, Ladislav Šigut, Lukas Hörtnagl, William Woodgate, Mika Korkiakoski, Lutz Merbold, T. Andrew Black, Marilyn Roland, Anne Klosterhalfen, Peter D. Blanken, Sara Knox, Simone Sabbatini, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Rasmus Fensholt, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ankur R. Desai, Eugénie Paul‐Limoges, Marta Galvagno, Albin Hammerle, Georg Jocher, Borja Ruiz Reverter, David Holl, Jiquan Chen, Luca Vitale, M. Altaf Arain, Nuno Carvalhais

“…Both models simulated hourly GPP and were parameterized for (a) each site–year, (b) each site with an additional constraint on IAV (CostIAV), (c) each site, (d) each plant–functional type, and (e) globally. This was followed by forward runs using calibrated parameters, and model evaluations using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) as a model‐fitness measure at different temporal scales across 198 eddy‐covariance sites representing diverse climate–vegetation types. …”
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Evaluation of the Variability of Micro and Macro Spray Parameters as a Function of Sampling Time Using a Laser Doppler Analyzer by Dariusz Lodwik, Mariusz Koprowski

“…In the first stage of the research, the variability of the coefficients characterizing the spray spectrum as a function of variable measurement time was analyzed. …”
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Nonlinear free oscillation of tri-directional functionally graded porous skew-plates with variable thickness in high-thermal environment by Hong Hieu Le, Van Ke Tran, Nhan Thinh Hoang, Tran Ha Phuong Thanh

“…For the first time, a finite element model was constructed based on the improved shear deformation plate theory and the von Kármán assumption to analyze the linear and nonlinear free vibration behaviour of tri-directional functionally graded porous (TFGP) skew-plates with variable thickness resting on variable Pasternak-elastic foundation in high-temperature environments. …”
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Comparison of the efficiency of zero and first order minimization methods in neural networks by E. A. Gubareva, S. I. Khashin, E. S. Shemyakova

“…Numerous experiments show that the analytical calculation time of an N variable function’s gradient is approximately N/5 times longer than the calculation time of the function itself. …”
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Reliability Analysis in Presence of Random Variables and Fuzzy Variables by Cui Lijie, Lü Zhenzhou, Li Guijie

“…Furthermore, a technique based on the probability density function evolution method is employed to improve the computational efficiency of the proposed indices. …”
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Effects of Pretreatments in Convective Dehydration of Rosehip (Rosa eglanteria) by Alejandra Mabellini, Elizabeth Ohaco, Carlos Alberto Márquez, Antonio De Michelis, Jorge Enrique Lozano

“…The aim of this work was to experimentally determine drying curves for thin layer and bed drying of rosehip fruits, with and without pretreatments, to reduce processing times as a function of drying air operating variables, to propose dehydration kinetics of fruits and to determine its kinetic parameters for further use within drying simulation software. …”
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Are Rice Farming and Production in the Urban Farming Areas Still Efficient? A Stochastic Production Function Choice by Tamy Erissanti, S Supadi, S Suharno

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A flexible multi-agent system for managing demand and variability in hybrid energy systems for rural communities by Ehab S. Ali, M. H. Elkholy, Tomonobu Senjyu, Sahar M. Abd Elazim, Emad S. Hassan, Zuhrir Alaas, Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy

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Heart rate variability in university students engaged in competitive sports at the beginning of a training season by P. N. Chainikov, V. G. Cherkasova, S. V. Muraviev, А. М. Kulesh

“…Objective: to study heart rate variability in university students engaged in competitive sports at the beginning of a training season. …”
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Improving Scheduling Efficiency: A Mathematical Approach to Multi-Operation Optimization in MSMEs by Reyner Pérez-Campdesuñer, Alexander Sánchez-Rodríguez, Margarita De Miguel-Guzmán, Gelmar García-Vidal, Rodobaldo Martínez-Vivar

“…The results show that prioritizing the objective function leads to a balanced optimization of all indicators, improving operational efficiency and reducing flow time. …”
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Optimal root pruning to promote growth and water use efficiency of rice seedlings by ZHU Mei, HU Chenfan, LIU Shuoshuo, LIN Shimiao, LIU Jingzhe

“…Key indicators such as seedling vigor index, root-to-shoot ratio, photosynthetic traits, and water use efficiency were measured during the. Using the membership function method, seven variables were used to comprehensively assess the impact of different pruning treatments.…”
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Onion production costs as a function of water content and soil tillage by Jardênia R. Feitosa, Haroldo C. Fernandes, Paulo R. Cecon, Mauri M. Teixeira, Anderson G. Costa, Edival C. da Silva

“…The costs related to mechanized operations, manual operations, inputs and crop irrigation were determined. The economic efficiency was evaluated through the variables total cost and unit cost of onion production, gross revenue, net revenue and internal rate of return. …”
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Optimal Sequencing Control of Variable-speed Air-source Heat Pumps in Office Building by Liu Zhaohui, Li Zhenyu, Tan Hongwei, Xu Wen, Feng Wenbo, Yi Biyi

“…To develop this strategy, a variable-speed heat-pump model and the objective function for optimization of the heat-pump sequence control were first established, so as to determine the optimal solutions under partial building loads. …”
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A Self-Tuning Variable Universe Fuzzy PID Control Framework with Hybrid BAS-PSO-SA Optimization for Unmanned Surface Vehicles by Huixia Zhang, Zhao Zhao, Yuchen Wei, Yitong Liu, Wenyang Wu

“…Benchmarks using Rastrigin, Griewank, and Sphere functions show superior convergence and 68% stability improvement. …”
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Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs: Evaluating Imaging Parameters and Methodological Variability in Global Longitudinal Strain Assessment by Jonas E. Mogensen, Maiken B. T. Bach, Pernille G. Bay, Tuğba Varlik, Jakob L. Willesen, Caroline H. Gleerup, Jørgen Koch

“…Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is an advanced imaging technique that offers quantitative insights into myocardial function by analyzing the motion of speckles created during ultrasound–tissue interactions. …”
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The distribution of Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) phenotypes in the Malaysian population and their correlation with demographic variables by Wai Kit Wong, Azliana Abu Bakar Sajak, Hwa Sen Chua

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Singular anisotropic equations with a sign-changing perturbation by Zhenhai Liu, Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou

“…We prove a multiplicity result producing two positive smooth solutions when the coefficient function in the singular term is small in the L∞-norm. …”
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Enhancing water use efficiency: Insights from hydrological variability encounter of multiple water sources and implications for terminal Lake management in arid regions by Kun Liu, Yunfei Chen, Bin Wu, Hailiang Xu, Abdul Waheed, Fan Gao, Bing He, Long Zhou, Jie Wu, Qin Zhang, Jinhao Ju

“…Multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) was applied to identify periodic characteristics of runoff, while wavelet coherence transform assessed the consistency of runoff patterns. A Copula function was then utilized to construct a joint distribution model, quantifying variability patterns and their cascading effects on ecological water use in Taitema Lake. …”
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Importance Measure for Fuzzy Structural Systems from the Probabilistic Perspective and Its Solving Algorithms by Guijie Li, Miaomiao Zhu, Sanyuan Li

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Hydrophobic nanostructured bioaerogel filters for efficient particulate matter removal by Wafa Mustafa Saleh, Esam Bashir Yahya, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Abdul Khalil H. P. S.

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