Numerical case study of the aerosol–cloud interactions in warm boundary layer clouds over the eastern North Atlantic with an interactive chemistry module by H.-H. Lee, X. Zheng, S. Qiu, Y. Wang

“…The aerosols released during this process transition back to the accumulation mode, facilitating future activation. …”
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Engineering support for specified quality of parts surface layer under dynamic methods processing of surface plastic deformation by Mikhail A. Tamarkin, Аlexandra S. Shvedova, Roman V. Grebenkin, Sergey А. Novokreshchenov

“…The research subject is the process of forming the surface layer parameters that ensure the rational SPD processing modes. …”
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Experimental and Numerical Study on Dynamic Porosity of the Flow Layer During the Paddy Grain Convective Drying Process by Bin Li, Chuandong Liu, Zebao Li, Yuelang Liu, Haoping Zhang, Xuefeng Zhang, Cheng Lv, Zhiheng Zeng

“…Porosity is the key factor affecting a medium’s tortuosity, effective evaporation area coefficient, and ventilation resistance, and further affects the drying efficiency, energy consumption, and drying uniformity in the drying process. To reveal the dynamic variation characteristics of porosity in paddy flow layer, an air convection drying apparatus was established and a mathematical porosity model was established based on response surface methodology. …”
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Research on Key Problems in the Construction Process of a Single-layer Aluminum Alloy Lattice Shell Structure by HAO Xianzhe, WU Qiyu, YAN Yajie, CHEN Ran, WANG Shigui, GUO Yu, ZHANG Zeping

“…[Methods] According to the conditions of the construction site, FE model of construction process was established and the comparative analysis of four kinds of jacking point layout scheme were carried out. …”
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Developing a Multi-Layer Ontology Construction Framework for Arabic Language Processing: Focus on Figurative Language Potential by Zouheir Banou, Sanaa El Filali, El Habib Benlahmar, Laila Eljiani, Fatima-Zahra Alaoui

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Adaptation of Conventional Toolpath-Generation Software for Use in Curved-Layer Fused Deposition Modeling by Samuel Maissen, Severin Zürcher, Michael Wüthrich

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Assessment of Software System Presentation Layers Based on an ECORAM Reference Architecture Model by Michał Turek, Jan Werewka, Kamil Sztandera, Grzegorz Rogus

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Modal Analysis of QP and LP Solution in Steady-state Optimization Layer of Two-layer Structure MPC by WANG Hongrui, ZHANG Xin, LIU Bowen, LIN Na, ZOU Tao

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Evaluating Security Anomalies by Classifying Traffic Using a Multi-Layered Model by Mohammadreza Samadzadeh, Najmeh Farajipour Ghohroud

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Double-Layer Network Model of Bank-Enterprise Counterparty Credit Risk Contagion by Tingqiang Chen, Qinghao Yang, Yutong Wang, Suyang Wang

“…This study constructs a two-layer network model of credit risk contagion between the bank and corporate counterparties from the perspective that banks do not withdraw loans from enterprises by considering the influence of corporate credit defaults on their counterparties under the credit linkage. …”
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Fast Analysis of Multi-Layered Anisotropic Electromagnetic Propagation Based on Z-Transform Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method with Scale-Compressed Technique by Yuxian Zhang, Yilin Kang, Xiaoli Feng, Lixia Yang, Zhixiang Huang

“…The proposed approach facilitates accurate modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation through multi-layered anisotropic media, enabling precise evaluation of reflection and refraction coefficients over short time intervals. …”
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Progress in Modeling and Applications of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layers for Lithium Metal Anodes by Zhicong Wei, Weitao Zheng, Yijuan Li, Shaoming Huang

“…However, the lithium metal will irreversibly react with the electrolyte during the first cycling process, forming an uneven and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which results in the non-uniform deposition of Li ions and thus the formation of lithium dendrites. …”
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MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF MEMBRANE CONCENTRATION IN APPARATUSES WITH THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE POLARIZATION LAYER by Lobasenko B.A., Sazonova E.K., Musaev P.A., Pachkin S.G.

“…The model can be used for describing membrane processes in different kinds of apparatuses that withdraw polarization layer. …”
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Photonic Characterization and Modeling of Highly Efficient Color Conversion Layers With External Reflectors by Guan-Ying Lee, Shao-Yi Weng, Wan-Hua Ho, Chun-Wei Huang, Han-Yu Chao, Sheng-Kai Huang, Hao-Chung Kuo, Chung-Chih Wu, Chien-Chung Lin

“…We propose a new method for fabricating arrays of colloidal quantum dots for color conversion layers (CCLs) with atomic layer deposited (ALD) encapsulation. …”
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Quadratic descriptors and reduction methods in a two-layered model for compound inference by Jianshen Zhu, Naveed Ahmed Azam, Shengjuan Cao, Ryota Ido, Kazuya Haraguchi, Liang Zhao, Hiroshi Nagamochi, Tatsuya Akutsu

“…In this article, we introduce quadratic descriptors, the products of two graph-theoretic descriptors, to enhance the learning performance of a novel two-layered compound inference model. A mixed-integer linear programming formulation is designed to approximate these quadratic descriptors for inferring desired compounds with the two-layered model. …”
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KAFA-Merge: Model Merging Method With Layer-Based Bayes+Linear Search by Muzaffer Kaan Yuce, Mehmet Fatih Amasyali

“…In this paper, we consider the model merging process for large language models (LLMs) under a two-stage optimization framework. …”
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Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions by Akira Nagano, Masahito Shigemitsu, Masahide Wakita

“…Abstract This study investigated processes responsible for the acidification of the mixed layer water at station K2 ( $$47^{\circ }$$ 47 ∘ N, $$160^{\circ }$$ 160 ∘ E) in the western subarctic North Pacific by analyzing physical and biogeochemical variables during 1850–2014 in a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth system model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 under historical carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) emissions. …”
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Method of investigating thermal fluctuation processes in problems of diagnostics and prediction of insulating materials by Marina N. Dubyago, Nikolay K. Poluyanovich, Vyacheslav Kh. Pshikhopov

“…The suggested mathematical model can be used as a base for calculating the thermal processes of power cables in real time mode, as its adequacy is confirmed by the experimental studies. …”
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Specific Features of Heatand Mass Transfer Processes in Road Dressings by B. M. Khroustalev, Tingguo Liu, V. D. Akeliev, Yu. H. Aliakseyeu, Jicun Shi, V. V. Zankovich

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Three‒Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Breaching Process of Landslide Dams with Heterogeneous Structures by HU Xianrui, PENG Ming, FU Xiaoli, YANG Ge, ZHU Yan, SHI Zhenming, ZHANG Gongding

“…For vertically heterogeneous dams, the breach process was susceptible to the configuration of layered materials. …”
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