Review of how we should define (and measure) adherence in studies examining older adults' participation in exercise classes by C Todd, H Hawley-Hague, M Horne, D A Skelton

“…Adherence is poor and reporting of adherence differs considerably between studies.Objective To explore how adherence to exercise classes for older people is defined in the literature and devise a definition for pooling data on adherence in future studies.Design Methodological review of the approaches used to measure adherence.Methods A review of the literature was carried out using narrative synthesis, based on systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsychINFO. 2 investigators identified eligible studies and extracted data independently.Results 37 papers including 34 studies were identified. 7 papers (7 studies) defined adherence as completion (retention). 30 papers (27 studies) identified adherence using attendance records. 12 papers (11 studies) based adherence on duration of exercise and 5 papers (4 studies) specified the intensity with which participants should exercise. …”
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Body mass index and risk of knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Huaqing Zheng, Changhong Chen

“…This meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of knee OA in published prospective studies.Design Meta-analysis.Studies reviewed An extensive literature review was performed, and relevant studies published in English were retrieved from the computerised databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane.Methods The effect estimate (RR or HR) and its 95% CI are investigated on the basis of the evaluation of differences of knee OR risk in overweight or obesity versus those with normal weight. …”
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Exploring the inequalities experienced by health and care workforce and their bases - A scoping review protocol. by Roomi Aziz, Anuj Kapilashrami, Reza Majdzadeh

“…All types of published study designs in English language will be included if they discuss any inequality experienced by any category of health and care workers. …”
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The Effect of Genetically Modified Food on Infertility Indices: A Systematic Review Study by Parisa Keshani, Mohammad Hossein Sharifi, Mohammad Reza Heydari, Hassan Joulaei

“…To assess the GM crop effects on infertility, experimental studies designed with the control group were selected. …”
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Knowledge and Awareness of Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis Among Men in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review Protocol by Oluwaseun Badru, Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo

“…Google Scholar, The Union Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations (UCTD) and SA ePublications via SABINET Online, WorldCat Dissertations and Theses via OCLC, ResearchGate, and American Doctoral Dissertations via EBSCOhost. All study designs, except existing reviews, will be included. …”
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A mixed-methods systematic review of mental health activities among urban left-behind children in mainland China by Siyu Long, Siyu Long, Zainal Bin Madon, Noris Mohd Norowi, Mei Foong Ang

“…Studies on services for mental health in urban left-behind children requires methodologically robust study designs for broader dissemination and rigorous evaluation.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, CRD42023384078, available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?…”
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Carbon Emission Reduction and Coordination Strategies for New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain under the Carbon Trading Policy by Yan Yin, Fengcai Liu

“…When the cost of carbon emission reduction technology is too high, manufacturers may not have much incentive to carry out technological research and development and innovation, resulting in failure to achieve system optimization. (4) This study designed a revenue-cost-sharing contract coordination mechanism; that is, the retailer will provide part of the revenue to the manufacturer, and the manufacturer will provide recovery compensation to the recycler.…”
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Balancing the load: A narrative review with methodological implications of compensatory training strategies for non-starting soccer players by Filipe Clemente, Guglielmo Pillitteri, Luiz H. Palucci Vieira, Alireza Rabbani, Piotr Zmijewski, Marco Beato

“…The gap in research underscores the necessity for improved study designs that can shed light on the real impact of compensatory training. …”
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Correcting scale distortion in RNA sequencing data by Christopher Thron, Farhad Jafari

“…This is now regularly used for population-based studies designed to identify genetic determinants of various diseases. …”
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The Effect of Erythritol Injection in Decreasing of Abortion Rate in Local Breed Ewes by Maher Saber Owain, Mustafa Salah Hasan, Ali Ghazi Atiyah

“…This study designed to evaluate the effect of Erythritol injection in decreasing of abortion rate in local breed ewes. …”
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Aquatic cycling-What do we know? A scoping review on head-out aquatic cycling. by Stefanie Rewald, Ilse Mesters, Antoine F Lenssen, Jens Bansi, Johan Lambeck, Rob A de Bie, Benjamin Waller

“…This study specifically focused on study designs, populations and outcomes. A comprehensive search of seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cinahl, Embase, PEDro,Web of Science, WorldCat) was conducted up to 30th September 2016. …”
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Lessons Learned from Van Earthquake in the Context of Urban Environment and Health by Bilge Kalanlar

“…Van earthquake was evaluated in terms of the urban environment and health and study designed as an evaluation article. Earthquake observations of author is evaluated and discussed in the context of national and international literature. …”
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The injectable hydrogel loading cannabidiol to regulate macrophage polarization in vitro for the treatment of chronic enteritis by Ye Wang, Xingming Ji, Xinyi Wang, Mengyu Sun, Cheng Li, Dongmei Wu

“…This study aims to treat chronic inflammatory bowel disease by preparing a CBD-loaded hydrogel system (GelMA + CBD) that can deliver CBD in situ and improve its bioavailability through slow release. Method: The study designed and constructed GelMA + CBD, and its surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and its pore size, swelling rate and release rate were evaluated to evaluate its bioactivity and biosafety. …”
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Diagnostic and prognostic significance of premature ventricular complexes in community and hospital-based participants: A scoping review. by Sukardi Suba, Kirsten E Fleischmann, Hildy Schell-Chaple, Priya Prasad, Gregory M Marcus, Xiao Hu, Michele M Pelter

“…However, a causal association between PVCs and these outcomes cannot be established due to the purely observational study designs employed.…”
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Online profiling of volunteers in public health emergencies: insights from COVID-19 in China by Hongzhou Shen, Qirui Chen, Changcheng Li

“…Methods In the proposed model, the study designed five profiling tags: basic information, sentiment, topic features, interest preferences, and online social engagement. …”
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Value Chain Analysis of Highland Bamboo (Yushania alpina) in Banja District, Awi Zone, Ethiopia by Mulat Mengstu, Asmamaw Alemu, Chernet Worku, Sosina Bezie

“…Based on the findings of this study, designing policies help to increase farmers’ knowledge and skills through capacity building and help to improve information access, silviculture management practice, and market supply of culm.…”
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E-Municipality and Public Relations in Digitalized Cities: An Interpretive Content Analysis on TR42 Region Municipalities by İlayda Uzun, Hasan Tutar

“…The sample of this study, designed with the hermeneutic content analysis method, consists of Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya, Kocaeli, and Yalova, which are classified as the TR42 region. …”
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The Effect of Ball Heading and Subclinical Concussion On the Neuromuscular Control Of The Lower Limb: A Systematic Review by Georgios Kakavas, Ioannis Giannakopoulos Sr., Athanasios Tsiokanos, Michael Potoupnis, Panagiotis V. Tsaklis

“…Due to the heterogeneous nature of the included study designs, quantitative meta-analysis was unable to be performed. …”
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The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels (BNDF): A Systematic Review by Milosz Mielniczek, Tore Kristian Aune

“…Given the diversity in study designs and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed rather than a meta-analysis. …”
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Design of an Incremental Music Teaching and Assisted Therapy System Based on Artificial Intelligence Attention Mechanism by Dapeng Li, Xiaoguang Liu

“…With the continuous updating and advancement of artificial intelligence technology, it gradually begins to shine in various industries, especially playing an increasingly important role in incremental music teaching and assisted therapy systems. This study designs artificial intelligence models from the perspectives of attention mechanism, contextual information guidance, and distant dependencies combined with incremental music teaching for the segmentation of MS (multiple sclerosis) lesions and achieves the automatic and accurate segmentation of MS lesions through the multidimensional analysis of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data, which provides a basis for physicians to quantitatively analyze MS lesions, thus assisting them in the diagnosis and treatment of MS. …”
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