Smallpox vaccination in a mouse model by S. N. Shchelkunov, A. A. Sergeev, S. A. Pyankov, K. A. Titova, S. N. Yakubitskiy

“…The monkeypox epidemic, which became unusually widespread among humans in 2022, has brought awareness about the necessity of smallpox vaccination of patients in the risk groups. The modern smallpox vaccine variants are introduced either intramuscularly or by skin scarification. …”
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Comprehensive Insights into Monkeypox (mpox): Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Strategies by Suresh Kumar, Dhanyashri Guruparan, Kalimuthu Karuppanan, K. J. Senthil Kumar

“…Over the past two decades, the incidence of mpox has surged, possibly linked to a declining immunity against the smallpox vaccine worldwide. Recent outbreaks of mpox in multiple countries have sparked concerns regarding altered transmission patterns and the potential for a global menace. …”
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Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus by Yusha Araf, Jannatul Ferdous Nipa, Sabekun Naher, Sumaiya Tasnim Maliha, Hasanur Rahman, Kazi Ifthi Arafat, Mohammad Raguib Munif, Md Jamal Uddin, Nurejunnati Jeba, Sukumar Saha, Jingbo Zhai, S. M. Nazmul Hasan, Mengzhou Xue, Md. Golzar Hossain, Chunfu Zheng

“…Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. …”
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Evaluation of pre-exposure vaccine effectiveness against mpox during the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the Madrid region (Spain): a test-negative design by José Francisco Barbas del Buey, Jesús Íñigo Martínez, Marcos Alonso García, Andrés Aragón Peña, Laura Montero Morales, Araceli Arce Arnáez

“…Introduction An appropriate vaccination approach is critical to control the current outbreak of mpox but there is little research providing information on its effectiveness, particularly under circumstances of limited vaccine availability.Methods Pre-exposure vaccination campaign in the Madrid region, with the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic was indicated in the risk groups from 18 July 2022.To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a dose of third-generation smallpox vaccine against mpox in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis, a population-based indirect cohort study (Broome method) also known as test-negative design (TND) was conducted in the Madrid region (6 751 251 inhabitants). …”
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Mutations in the <i>A34R</i> gene increase the immunogenicity of vaccinia virus by S. N. Shchelkunov, T. V. Bauer, S. N. Yakubitskiy, A. A. Sergeev, A. S. Kabanov, S. A. Pyankov

“…As a result of the WHO decision as of 1980 to stop smallpox vaccination, humankind has lost immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic, orthopoxviruscaused human infections. …”
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Genome stability of the vaccine strain VAC∆6 by R. A. Maksyutov, S. N. Yakubitskiy, I. V. Kolosova, T. V. Tregubchak, A. N. Shvalov, E. V. Gavrilova, S. N. Shchelkunov

“…Due to cessation of mass smallpox vaccination in 1980, the collective immunity of humans against orthopoxvirus infections has virtually been lost. …”
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Current advances and challenges in mpox vaccine development: a global landscape by Maryam Shafaati, Shayan Forghani, Amirhossein Shahsavand Davoudi, Reza Samiee, Keyhan Mohammadi, Samaneh Akbarpour, Arash Seifi, Mohammadreza Salehi, Maryam Zare

“…Given the surge in mpox outbreaks in 2022 and the advancements in domestic and international vaccine research, the effectiveness of smallpox vaccines in providing cross-protection against mpox remains crucial. …”
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Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Jianhong Wu, Jude Dzevela Kong, James Orbinski, Chigozie Louisa Jane Ugwu, Ali Asgary, Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima

“…Interaction with infected animals (OR=5.61, 95% CI 2.83, 11.13), HIV infection (OR=4.46, 95% CI 3.27, 6.08), other sexually transmitted infections (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.42, 2.19), unprotected sexual activities (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.07), contact with an infected person (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.87, 3.05), identification as men who have sex with men (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.88, 2.51) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.24, 2.09) were associated with increased Mpox infection risk. Conversely, smallpox vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of Mpox infection (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.55).Conclusion Identification of risk factors associated with Mpox provides insights for strategic public health planning, enabling targeted interventions for high-risk groups and optimising resource allocation to strengthen Mpox control efforts.…”
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