Preparations of the Shipping Company “Żegluga Polska SA” for the Second World War by Jordan Siemianowski

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Regulation of the Employment Status of Seafarers by Boris Jerman

“…In the past, their position was less than envious, since they, as a party in the working relationship, were clearly under the authority of the shipowner and were very poorly informed about their rights. …”
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Syndicalisme maritime. Organisations et mobilisations des marins de commerce en France, 19e-21e siècles by Ronan Viaud

“…Until the middle of the 20th century, union action took place within a strictly national framework, with the State and the shipowners, very often allied, facing the seamen. Social advances were followed by defeats, accentuated by the extreme fragmentation that characterized the trade union landscape. …”
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