Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Multifactorial Adverse Cardiac Remodeling Associated with Metabolic Syndrome by Mohamed Asrih, François Mach, Alessio Nencioni, Franco Dallegri, Alessandra Quercioli, Fabrizio Montecucco

“…This pathological remodeling has been described to result from the cardiac adaptive response to clinical mechanical conditions (such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia), soluble inflammatory molecules (such as cytokines and chemokines), as well as hormones (such as insulin), characterizing the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these cardiac processes (resulting in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis) are also associated with the modulation of intracellular signalling pathways within cardiomyocytes. …”
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Lymphocytic Esophagitis: Navigating an Uncharted Territory by Ahmad Jradi MD, Kaline Maya Khoury MD, Karam Karam MD, Dr. Ihab I. El Hajj MD, Elias Fiani MD

“…Studies are still limited in understanding the pathophysiology behind this disease warranting further research. …”
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Oxidative and Antioxidative Stress Status in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease as a Result of a Chronic Inflammatory Process by Urszula Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, Paulina Wysocka-Wojakiewicz, Martyna Jasielska, Bożena Cukrowska, Sabina Więcek, Maria Kniażewska, Jerzy Chudek

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Frequent Sips of the Water for the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Induced Refractory Cough: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Hassan Tariq, Jasbir Makker, Rafeeq Ahmed, Trupti Vakde, Harish Patel

“…Unresponsiveness warrants a thorough pulmonary evaluation. The pathophysiology of refractory cough in these patients is poorly understood, and hence management is often challenging. …”
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Quality of Life in Wilson’s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review by Chakrapani Balijepalli, Kevin Yan, Lakshmi Gullapalli, Stephane Barakat, Helene Chevrou-Severac, Eric Druyts

“…**Discussion:** Although our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of WD has advanced, and novel therapeutics are on the horizon, our understanding of how WD affects overall QOL remains limited. …”
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The role of the corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors in the regulation of stress response by E. V. Sukhareva

“…In this review, attention will be paid to the role of CRH in the regulation of response to stress, as well as to the involvement of extrahypothalamic CRH in pathophysiology and the correction of mental disorders.…”
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Migraine and restless legs syndrome – is there an association? by D. Bučaitė, J. Normantas, G. Žemgulytė

“…Although the association between restless legs syndrome and migraine is being investigated, the predominant pathophysiological link has not yet been established. Separate treatment of these diseases has been known for a long time. …”
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miR-203 Expression in Exfoliated Cells of Tongue Coating Represents a Sensitive and Specific Biomarker of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease by Xiuli Yan, Shengliang Zhu, Hui Zhang

“…MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous human diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). …”
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A Cyanotic Newborn with a Pink Right Upper Extremity by Matthias Beichl, Andreas Hanslik, Daniel Zimpfer, Judith Rittenschober-Boehm, Katrin Nagl, Ina Michel-Behnke

“…The special hemodynamic situation of this is discussed in terms of pathophysiology and as well as its impact on perioperative and surgical management.…”
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Differential Expression of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms by Z. Qu, Bernice L. Y. Cheuk, Stephen W. K. Cheng

“…Inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). …”
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Isoliquiritigenin Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Blocking TRPC5 Channel Expression by Jie Qi, Jianguo Cui, Baobin Mi, Xiaohong Yan, Wenwen Xu, Hui Ma, Qingtan Zhang, Fang Xu

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Evaluation of Serum Zonulin Level and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and the Relationship Between Serum Zonulin Level and Disease Severity by Simge Ünal, Selda Pelin Kartal, Ahmet Ozsoy, Fevzi Nuri Aydın

“…Conclusion:  The observed results suggest that increased intestinal permeability, as indicated by elevated zonulin levels, may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of both CSU and angioedema. This association highlights the potential significance of intestinal permeability in the development and manifestation of these conditions. …”
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Association of sildenafil use with age-related macular degeneration: a retrospective cohort study by Nicola Jaime Adderley, Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar, Anuradhaa Subramanian, Alastair K Denniston, Wen Hwa Lee, Ji Eun Diana Han, Jesse Coker

“…Objective Despite significant advances in clinical care and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—a major cause of global blindness—lacks effective treatment to prevent the irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors leading to central vision loss. …”
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Stromal-Cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 as Potential Target of Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Critical Leg Ischaemia by Teik K. Ho, X. Shiwen, D. Abraham, J. Tsui, D. Baker

“…This review will focus on the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 system in the pathophysiology of PVD and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for PVD.…”
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An Overview of the Skin Microbiome, the Potential for Pathogen Shift, and Dysbiosis in Common Skin Pathologies by Anita Smith, Roberta Dumbrava, Noor-Ul-Huda Ghori, Rachael Foster, James Campbell, Andrew Duthie, Gerard Hoyne, Marius Rademaker, Asha C. Bowen

“…Further research using culture-independent techniques is needed for conditions involving microbial dysbiosis to advance our knowledge of skin disease pathophysiology and guide future management.…”
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Managing Chronic Neuropathic Pain: Recent Advances and New Challenges by Namrata Hange, Sujan Poudel, Saleha Ozair, Trissa Paul, Meghna Nambakkam, Rakchhya Shrestha, Farrah Greye, Sangam Shah, Yagya Raj Adhikari, Sangharsha Thapa, Pooja Patel

“…Hence, there is still a need to explore the various treatment modalities, emphasizing the cause and underlying pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Conclusion. We recommend integrated multimodal treatment with the current treatment facility, including various medical disciplines. …”
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Cilostazol Combats Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hippocampal Injury in Rats: Role of AKT/GSK3β/CREB Curbing Neuroinflammation by Doaa Abou El-ezz, Waleed Aldahmash, Tuba Esatbeyoglu, Sherif M. Afifi, Marawan Abd Elbaset

“…Neuroinflammation is important in the pathophysiology of several degenerative brain disorders. …”
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Combating Osteoarthritis through Stem Cell Therapies by Rejuvenating Cartilage: A Review by Navneet Kumar Dubey, Viraj Krishna Mishra, Rajni Dubey, Shabbir Syed-Abdul, Joseph R. Wang, Peter D. Wang, Win-Ping Deng

“…In this review, we summarized the current status of stem cell therapies in OA pathophysiology and also highlighted the potential areas of further research needed in regenerative medicine.…”
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Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein in CNS injury: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches by Dmitriy Lapin, Archna Sharma, Ping Wang

“…Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a significant global burden. The complex pathophysiology of CNS injury is comprised of primary and secondary injury. …”
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Glyoxylate, a New Marker Metabolite of Type 2 Diabetes by Victoria J. Nikiforova, Pieter Giesbertz, Jan Wiemer, Bianca Bethan, Ralf Looser, Volker Liebenberg, Patricia Ruiz Noppinger, Hannelore Daniel, Dietrich Rein

“…Following this observation, we explored the relevance of increased glyoxylate in diabetic subjects and in diabetic C57BLKS/J-Leprdb/db-/- mice in the pathophysiology of diabetes. A retrospective study using samples of long-term blood donors revealed that glyoxylate levels unlike glucose levels became significantly elevated up to 3 years prior to diabetes diagnosis (difference to control P=0.034). …”
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