Hyperreflective Intraretinal Spots in Diabetics without and with Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An In Vivo Study Using Spectral Domain OCT by Stela Vujosevic, Silvia Bini, Giulia Midena, Marianna Berton, Elisabetta Pilotto, Edoardo Midena

“…Initially, HRS are mainly located in the inner retina, where the resident microglia is present. With progressing retinopathy, HRS reach the outer retinal layer. …”
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Transplanted Adult Neural Stem Cells Express Sonic Hedgehog In Vivo and Suppress White Matter Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury by Genevieve M. Sullivan, Regina C. Armstrong

“…In ShhCreERT2;R26tdTomato mice, Shh was primarily expressed in neurons and was not upregulated in reactive astrocytes or microglia after TBI. Corroborating results in Gli1CreERT2;R26tdTomato mice demonstrated that Shh signaling was not upregulated in the corpus callosum, even after TBI or NSC transplantation. …”
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Targeting Oxidative Stress Injury after Ischemic Stroke in Conscious Rats: Limited Benefits with Apocynin Highlight the Need to Incorporate Long Term Recovery by Robert M. Weston, Bin Lin, Gregory J. Dusting, Carli L. Roulston

“…Reduced ROS from activated microglia/macrophages treated with apocynin was associated with reduced Nox2 immunoreactivity without change to the number of cells. …”
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The link between spreading depolarization and innate immunity in the central nervous system by Kadir Oguzhan Soylu, Muge Yemisci, Hulya Karatas

“…Furthermore, the interplay between neurons and glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, underscores the intricate nature of neuroinflammation triggered by SD. …”
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Central amygdala neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder by Mariam Melkumyan, Patrick A. Randall, Yuval Silberman

“…Chronic alcohol consumption disrupts neuroimmune signaling, leading to altered cytokine expression and activation of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. These changes contribute to the dysregulation of neural circuits involved in reward and stress, perpetuating alcohol-seeking behavior and relapse. …”
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Trained Innate Immunity by Repeated Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Injections Displays Long-Term Neuroprotective Effects by Xiao-yan Zhou, Rong Gao, Jian Hu, Da-peng Gao, Yan-ling Liao, Jian-jun Yang

“…Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that immune memory occurs in microglia, which has a significant impact on pathological hallmarks of neurological diseases. …”
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Mast Cell Deficiency Protects Mice from Surgery-Induced Neuroinflammation by Xiang Zhang, Hongquan Dong, Fei Wang, Jun Zhang

“…Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, have been recognized to contribute to neuroinflammation. …”
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Biphalin, a Dimeric Enkephalin, Alleviates LPS-Induced Activation in Rat Primary Microglial Cultures in Opioid Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Manners by Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk, Anna Piotrowska, Wioletta Makuch, Joanna Mika

“…Our study provides evidence that biphalin diminishes neuropathy symptoms, which might be partially related to reduced pronociceptive mediators released by activated microglia. Biphalin may be a putative drug for future pain therapy, especially for the treatment of neuropathic pain, when the lower analgesic effects of morphine are correlated with profound microglial cell activation.…”
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New Paradigm in Cell Therapy Using Sperm Head to Restore Brain Function and Structure in Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: Support for Boosting Constructive Inflammation vs. Ant... by Nafiseh Pakravan, Ardeshir Abbasi, Zuhair Mohammad Hassan

“…Alzheimer’s is characterized by accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) associated with insufficient clearance of toxicants from the brain establishing a chronic inflammation and other abnormalities in the brain. Inflammatory microglia and astrocytes along with abnormal lymphatics associated with insufficient clearance of Aβ and other toxicants from the brain establish a chronic inflammation. …”
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Activation of Wnt/β-catenin in neural progenitor cells regulates blood–brain barrier development and promotes neuroinflammation by Dylan J. Sebo, Irshad Ali, Audrey R. Fetsko, Aubrey A. Trimbach, Michael R. Taylor

“…Additionally, we discovered a significant increase in the proliferation of microglia and infiltration of peripheral neutrophils indicative of a stereotypical neuroinflammatory response. …”
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The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus by Yiwei Wang, Huanhuan Sha, Leting Zhou, Yinan Chen, Qin Zhou, Hongquan Dong, Yanning Qian

“…Mast cells (MCs) and microglia, two resident immune cells in the brain, together with astrocytes, play critical roles in the progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases. …”
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Systematic Analysis of Environmental Chemicals That Dysregulate Critical Period Plasticity-Related Gene Expression Reveals Common Pathways That Mimic Immune Response to Pathogen by Milo R. Smith, Priscilla Yevoo, Masato Sadahiro, Ben Readhead, Brian Kidd, Joel T. Dudley, Hirofumi Morishita

“…Application of a chemogenomic enrichment analysis and hierarchical clustering across these diverse chemicals identified two clusters of chemicals with one that mimicked an immune response to pathogen, implicating inflammatory pathways and microglia as a common chemically induced neuropathological process. …”
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Acrylamide exposure promotes the progression of depression-like behavior in mice with CUMS via GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by JianFeng Liu, Chenyang Han, Jian Shen, Yingcong Lin, Heping Shen, Genghuan Wang

“…GSDMD knockout (KO) mice and the GSDMD inhibitor LDC7559 were used to inhibit GSDMD. In vitro, primary microglia were used, and AM intervention was applied to detect the levels of cellular inflammatory factors, and fluorescence staining was used to detect GSDMD-NT, and propidium iodide (PI) was used to detect the level of pyroptosis. …”
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Computer modeling of the peculiarities in the interaction of IL-1 with its receptors in schizophrenia by N. Yu. Chasovskikh, A. A. Bobrysheva, E. E. Chizhik

“…Research has demonstrated that inflammatory reactions occurring in microglia can impact the progression of the disease. …”
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Effects of Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells in 3-Acetylpyridine-Lesioned Rats by Lucía Calatrava-Ferreras, Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado, Antonio S. Herranz, Diana Reimers, Teresa Montero Vega, Adriano Jiménez-Escrig, Luis Alberto Richart López, Eulalia Bazán

“…Grafted cells reduced 3-AP-induced neuronal loss promoted the activation of microglia in the brain stem, and prevented the overexpression of GFAP elicited by 3-AP in the cerebellum. …”
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Comparison of chicoric acid, and its metabolites caffeic acid and caftaric acid: In vitro protection of biological macromolecules and inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells by Qian Liu, Fan Liu, Liling Zhang, Yajie Niu, Zhigang Liu, Xuebo Liu

“…Keywords: Chicoric acid and its metabolites, Oxidative damage, Biomolecules, Microglia, Inflammation…”
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Therapeutic Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Parkinson’s Disease via Antineuroinflammation and Neuroprotection In Vitro and In Vivo by Chien-Wei Feng, Nan-Fu Chen, Te-Fu Chan, Wu-Fu Chen

“…It enhanced M2 type microglia markers, such as arginase-1 and Ym-1 in BV2 murine microglial cells. …”
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Acid sphingomyelinase modulates anxiety-like behavior likely through toll-like receptor signaling pathway by Huiqi Yuan, Yanan Xu, Hailun Jiang, Meizhu Jiang, Luofei Zhang, Shifeng Wei, Cao Li, Zhigang Zhao

“…Transcriptional profiling combined with bioinformatics analysis revealed the upregulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway related gene including Tlr1/2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl5 and Cd86 in Asm KO mice, which was further confirmed by the detection of activated microglia and astrocytes through iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemical staining. …”
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A Network Pharmacology Study and Experimental Validation to Identify the Potential Mechanism of Heparan Sulfate on Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neuroinflammation by Dong-Uk Kim, Bitna Kweon, Jinyoung Oh, Yebin Lim, Gyeongran Noh, Jihyun Yu, Hyang-Rin Kang, Tackmin Kwon, Kwang youll Lee, Gi-Sang Bae

“…To confirm the predicted results, the anti-inflammatory effect of HS was investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. HS inhibited the production of nittic oxide, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, but not IL-1β. …”
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Extracellular Cardiolipin Modulates Select Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-Dependent Manner by Taryn E. Murray, Tyler J. Wenzel, Svetlana Simtchouk, Bridget K. Greuel, Julien Gibon, Andis Klegeris

“…Although CL has been shown to modulate several functions of microglia in a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent manner, the effects of extracellular CL on astrocytes are unknown. …”
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