A Remote Sensing Image Change Detection Method Integrating Layer-Exchange and Channel-Spatial Differences by Sijun Dong, Fangcheng Zuo, Geng Chen, Siming Fu, Xiaoliang Meng

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A detailed optical thermo-electrical model for better thermal analysis of bifacial PV systems by Mohammad Hassan Shahverdian, Hoseyn Sayyaadi, Ali Sohani

“…This exhibits that the solar panel can be viewed as an integrated layer to simplify modeling.…”
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Study on the optimal structure of nonmetallic coiled tubing with cable-laying based on the minimum stress in optical fibers by Houbu Li, Xueru Zhang, Xuemin Zhang, Nan Ding, Lei Li

“…The mechanical behavior of the cable integration layer, along with the optical fibers, is examined under internal pressure through finite element simulation analysis. …”
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A Conceptual Framework for a Latest Information-Maintaining Method Using Retrieval-Augmented Generation and a Large Language Model in Smart Manufacturing: Theoretical Approach and... by Hangseo Choi, Jongpil Jeong

“…The proposed framework design uses a data stream processing layer, a data integration layer, and a continuous learning layer as core components; in particular, the knowledge integration layer provides a mechanism for the efficient processing of real-time data and continuous learning. …”
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Design and implementation of an intelligent sports management system (ISMS) using wireless sensor networks by ZhiGuo Zhu

“…Our proposed ISMS consists of several layers: user interface, business logic layer, data management layer, integration layer, analytics and AI layer, IoT layer, and security layer. …”
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The Concept of a Digital Twin for the Wały Śląskie Hydroelectric Power Plant: A Case Study in Poland by Artur Machalski, Przemysław Szulc, Dominik Błoński, Aneta Nycz, Magdalena Nemś, Janusz Skrzypacz, Przemysław Janik, Zuzanna Satława

“…The digital twin architecture developed to address these issues features modular components, including data acquisition, data processing, visualization, and integration layers, emphasizing scalability, adaptability, and secure interoperability. …”
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Local Back-Propagation for Forward-Forward Networks: Independent Unsupervised Layer-Wise Training by Taewook Hwang, Hyein Seo, Sangkeun Jung

“…To overcome these challenges, we propose Local Back-Propagation (LBP), a method that integrates layer-wise unsupervised learning with standard inputs and conventional loss functions. …”
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AgriChainSync: A Scalable and Secure Blockchain-Enabled Framework for IoT-Driven Precision Agriculture by Hassam Ahmed Tahir, Walaa Alayed, Waqar Ul Hassan, Fahad Nabi, Truong X. Tran

“…Furthermore, the Blockchain Integration Layer (BIL) ensures security and scalability with a Feedback and Adaptation Module (FAM) that continuously improves systems performance. …”
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Security Assessment of Smart Contract Integration and Wallet Interaction in Decentralized Applications: A Case Study of BlockScribe by Andrzej Wilczyński, Gabriela Jasnosz

“…This case study contributes to a deeper understanding of integration-layer vulnerabilities in blockchain-based systems and offers practical guidance for developers and auditors aiming to strengthen smart contract security.…”
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A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020 by Xuesong Zhai, Xiaoyan Chu, Ching Sing Chai, Morris Siu Yung Jong, Andreja Istenic, Michael Spector, Jia-Bao Liu, Jing Yuan, Yan Li

“…The content analysis showed that the research questions could be classified into development layer (classification, matching, recommendation, and deep learning), application layer (feedback, reasoning, and adaptive learning), and integration layer (affection computing, role-playing, immersive learning, and gamification). …”
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Fault Diagnosis Method for UHVDC Transmission Based on Deep Learning under Cloud-Edge Architecture by Shihao Zhou, Benren Pan, Dongbin Lu, Yiming Zhong, Guannan Wang

“…First, based on the edge computing framework of the “cloud” + “edge terminal,” a four-layer fault diagnosis structure including the data integration layer, edge prediction layer, cloud diagnosis layer, and human-computer interaction layer is constructed. …”
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Enhanced Thermal Safety of Hydrophobic SiO₂ Aerogels Through Introduction of Layered Double Oxides by Lei Xu, Guanhua Sun, Jiahui Chen, Xiaoxu Wu, Min Hu, Fang Zhou, Zhi Li

“…This research enhances the thermal safety of hydrophobic silica aerogel (HSA) by integrating layered double oxides (LDOs). XRD and FTIR confirm that the introduction of LDOs does not affect the formation of SA. …”
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Spatial distribution of population and forest cover in extractive reserves in the Amazon biome, Brazil by Álvaro de Oliveira D’Antona, Julia Correa Côrtes, José Diego Gobbo Alves, Guilherme Pelegrina, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte

“…Abstract This study relates spatial measures of forest cover with measures of the spatial distribution of the population in the 31 Extractive Reserves (ERs) within the Amazon biome, Brazil, in 2010. We integrated layers of information on the ERs, forest cover, and spatial distribution of the population in a Geographic Information System. …”
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Sustainable energy generation from water splitting using trimetallic layered-double hydroxide and graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite by Syed Haider Ali Shah, Afzal Shah, Iltaf Shah

“…Abstract Herein we report for the first time a composite material that integrates layered double hydroxides (LDH) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), specifically tailored for water splitting application. …”
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Cross-Layer Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Secure and Energy-Efficient IoT Networks by Rashid Mustafa, Nurul I. Sarkar, Mahsa Mohaghegh, Shahbaz Pervez, Ovesh Vohra

“…Our proposed solution is based on role-based access control (RBAC), ensuring secure authentication in large-scale IoT deployments while preventing unauthorized access attempts. We integrate layer-specific ML models, such as long short-term memory networks for temporal anomaly detection and decision trees for application-layer validation, along with adaptive speck encryption for the dynamic adjustment of cryptographic overheads. …”
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Usability and Perceived Efficiency of an Adaptive Route Optimization Solution for Commercial Vehicles by Florian Anghelache, Nicolae Goga, Constantin Viorel Marian, Dan Alexandru Mitrea, Ionel-Bujorel Pavaloiu

“…The iRoute solution consists of a module for receiving vehicle positions from GPS devices, an integration layer for end-customer applications, a route optimization engine, and applications for web and mobile users. …”
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Digital Twin-Based Technical Research on Comprehensive Gear Fault Diagnosis and Structural Performance Evaluation by Qiang Zhang, Zhe Wu, Boshuo An, Ruitian Sun, Yanping Cui

“…Taking the QPZZ-ii gearbox test bed as the physical entity, the research establishes a five-layer architecture: functional service layer, software support layer, model integration layer, data-driven layer, and digital twin layer, forming a closed-loop feedback mechanism. …”
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Smart Grid System Based on Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Trust and Preventing Counterfeiting Issues by Ala’a Shamaseen, Mohammad Qatawneh, Basima Elshqeirat

“…This study addresses these issues by proposing and implementing a hybrid framework that combines the features of private and public blockchains across three integrated layers: user interface, application, and blockchain. …”
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