The Role of Insulin Receptor Isoforms in Diabetes and Its Metabolic and Vascular Complications by O. Escribano, N. Beneit, C. Rubio-Longás, A. R. López-Pastor, A. Gómez-Hernández

“…The insulin receptor (IR) presents by alternative splicing two isoforms: IRA and IRB. …”
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PTPIP51: A New Interaction Partner of the Insulin Receptor and PKA in Adipose Tissue by M. A. Bobrich, S. A. Schwabe, A. Brobeil, M. Viard, M. Kamm, F. C. Mooren, K. Krüger, C. Tag, M. Wimmer

“…Adipose tissue samples were analyzed by immunofluorescence and Duolink proximity ligation assay to quantify interactions of PTPIP51 with either insulin receptor (IR) or PKA. Results. PTPIP51 and the IR and PTPIP51 and PKA, respectively, were colocalized in all groups. …”
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The Role of the Cullin-5 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase in the Regulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 by Christine Zhiwen Hu, Jaswinder K. Sethi, Thilo Hagen

“…SOCS proteins are known to negatively regulate insulin signaling by inhibiting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1). IRS1 has been reported to be a substrate for ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. …”
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Distribution of Adiponectin Receptors 1 and 2 in the Rat Olfactory Bulb and the Effect of Adiponectin Injection on Insulin Receptor Expression by Alfredo Miranda-Martínez, Octavio Fabián Mercado-Gómez, Virginia Arriaga-Ávila, Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán

“…The aims of this work were to describe the distribution of APN receptors in the olfactory bulb (OB) as well as the possible effects of APN injection on the insulin receptor (InsR) content and Akt kinase. Method. …”
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2′-O-Methylperlatolic Acid Enhances Insulin-Regulated Blood Glucose-Lowering Effect through Insulin Receptor Signaling Pathway by Wang Yinghao, Guan Qiaoli, Liu Guanfu, Wu Xiaoyun, Wang Xuanjun, Sheng Jun

“…Purpose. Insulin receptor (InsR) sensitizers represent a new type of therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes, with 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid (2-O-M) being a potential InsR targeting drug. …”
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Physiological and pathophysiological actions of insulin in the liver by Naoto Kubota, Tetsuya Kubota, Takashi Kadowaki

Subjects: “…insulin receptor signaling…”
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via Insulin Receptor and PI3K/Akt-Dependent Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase by Yinhua Dong, Hongxin Wang, Zefeng Chen

“…In conclusion, ALA attenuates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via insulin receptor and PI3K/Akt-dependent inhibition of NADPH oxidase.…”
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The role of insulin signaling with FOXO and FOXK transcription factors by Masaji Sakaguchi

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SERT-Deficient Mice Fed Western Diet Reveal Altered Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses of the Liver: A Link to Abnormal Behaviors by Raymond Cespuglio, Anna Gorlova, Konstantin Zabegalov, Kirill Chaprov, Evgeniy Svirin, Kseniia Sitdikova, Alisa Burova, Boris Shulgin, Ksenia Lebedeva, Alexei V. Deikin, Sergey Morozov, Tatyana Strekalova

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Polycystic ovary syndrome in a patient with type B insulin resistance syndrome can improve with glucocorticoid treatment: a case report and literature review by Tetsuhiro Watanabe, Saori Okabe, Shohei Sakamoto

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Detection of Islet Cell Immune Reactivity with Low Glycemic Index Foods: Is This a Concern for Type 1 Diabetes? by Datis Kharrazian, Martha Herbert, Aristo Vojdani

“…We measured the reactivity of either monoclonal or polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies to insulin, insulin receptor alpha, insulin receptor beta, zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), tyrosine phosphatase-based islet antigen 2 (IA2), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and 67 against 204 dietary proteins that are commonly consumed. …”
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Diabetes Mellitus, Extreme Insulin Resistance, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Langerhans Cells Histiocytosis by Mathilde Sollier, Marine Halbron, Jean Donadieu, Ahmed Idbaih, Fleur Cohen Aubart, Corinne Vigouroux, Martine Auclair, Olivier Bourron, Marie Bastin, Géraldine Béra, Philippe Touraine, Jacques Young, Héléna Mosbah, Agnès Hartemann, Fabrizio Andreelli, Chloé Amouyal

“…The screening for serum anti-insulin receptor antibodies was positive. Each episode of hyperglycemia appeared to be correlated with tumoral activity and increase in serum anti-insulin receptor antibodies and appeared to be improved when the disease was controlled by chemotherapy. …”
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The Role of Insulin, Insulin Growth Factor, and Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease by Claude Messier, Kevin Teutenberg

“…Recent data point to changes in the insulin receptor cascade in obesity-related insulin resistance, suggesting that brain insulin receptors also become less sensitive to insulin, which could reduce synaptic plasticity. …”
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Subetta Treatment Increases Adiponectin Secretion by Mature Human Adipocytes In Vitro by Jim Nicoll, Evgeniy A. Gorbunov, Sergey A. Tarasov, Oleg I. Epstein

“…To investigate the mechanism of action in peripheral tissues of novel complex drug containing release-active dilutions of antibodies to the beta subunit of the insulin receptor and antibodies to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Subetta), which has shown efficacy in animal models of diabetes. …”
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Epac1 Restores Normal Insulin Signaling through a Reduction in Inflammatory Cytokines by Elizabeth Curtiss, Youde Jiang, Li Liu, Claire Hawthorne, Jessica Zhang, Jena J. Steinle

“…Confocal microscopy was performed to localize the insulin receptor in the retina of Epac1 floxed and endothelial cell-specific Epac1 knockout mice. …”
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Rat Strain Differences in Susceptibility to Alcohol-Induced Chronic Liver Injury and Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Sarah M. DeNucci, Ming Tong, Lisa Longato, Margot Lawton, Mashiko Setshedi, Rolf I. Carlson, Jack R. Wands, Suzanne M. de la Monte

“…Among ethanol-fed rats, despite similar blood alcohol levels, LE rats had more pronounced steatohepatitis and fibrosis, higher levels of ALT, DNA damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, ADH, ALDH, catalase, GFAP, desmin, and collagen expression, and reduced insulin receptor binding relative to FS rats. Ethanol-exposed SD rats had intermediate degrees of steatohepatitis, increased ALT, ADH and profibrogenesis gene expression, and suppressed insulin receptor binding and GAPDH expression, while pro-inflammatory cytokines were similarly increased as in LE rats. …”
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Anti-diabetic potential of apigenin, luteolin, and baicalein via partially activating PI3K/Akt/Glut-4 signaling pathways in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells by Lingchao Miao, Haolin Zhang, Meng Sam Cheong, Ruting Zhong, Paula Garcia-Oliveira, Miguel A. Prieto, Ka-Wing Cheng, Mingfu Wang, Hui Cao, Shaoping Nie, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Wai San Cheang, Jianbo Xiao

“…The expression levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in IR-HepG2 cells were all partially activated by the flavonoids, with variable effects. …”
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Superior liver protection in mice fed total parenteral nutrition containing the novel lipid emulsion Vegaven as compared to a mixed-oil lipid emulsion containing fish oil by Eliana Lucchinetti, Phing-How Lou, Alessandro Quaranta, Craig E. Wheelock, Akash Chakravarty, Martin Hersberger, Stefanie D. Krämer, Michael Zaugg

“…The abundances of hepatic insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) as well as the tyrosine phosphorylated IRS2 were higher in VEGA when compared with SMOF, fostering higher hepatic glycogen content. …”
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A Molecular and Whole Body Insight of the Mechanisms Surrounding Glucose Disposal and Insulin Resistance with Hypoxic Treatment in Skeletal Muscle by R. W. A. Mackenzie, P. Watt

“…Indeed, hypoxia has been widely implicated in the development of insulin resistance either via the direct action on insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) or indirectly through adipose tissue expansion and systemic inflammation. …”
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Latent Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue by I. S. Stafeev, A. V. Vorotnikov, E. I. Ratner, M. Y. Menshikov, Ye. V. Parfyonova

“…It mostly develops as a result of dysregulated insulin signaling in insulin-sensitive cells, as compared to inactivating mutations in insulin receptor or signaling proteins that occur relatively rare. …”
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