Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia: Review of the Literature and Case Report by Riya M. Kuklani, Madhu K. Nair

“…It is a rare condition of uncertain etiology that results in painless unilateral expansion of the posterior dentoalveolar complex, gingival hyperplasia, lack of one or both premolars in the affected area, delayed eruption of adjacent teeth and malformations of the primary molars. …”
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Molecular Mechanisms of Oxytocin Signaling at the Synaptic Connection by Jan Bakos, Annamaria Srancikova, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Bacova

“…Aberrant regulation of oxytocin signaling is associated with the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Synaptic dysfunctions in neurodevelopmental disorders are becoming increasingly known, and their pathogenic mechanisms could be a target of potential therapeutic intervention. …”
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Thrombocytopenia in Critically Ill Children: A Review for Practicing Clinicians by Balagangadhar R. Totapally, Abhinav Totapally, Paul A. Martinez

“…This review specifically reviews and compares the presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and the thrombotic microangiopathic spectrum (TMA), including thrombocytopenia-associated multiorgan failure (TAMOF), hemolytic uremic syndrome, and other diagnoses. The other etiologies discussed include HLH/MAS, immune thrombocytopenia, and dilutional thrombocytopenia. …”
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Chronic Mastocytosis. Case Report and Literature Review by Iraima Mayón Moya, Danibys Garcell Peña, José Manuel Peraza Ramos

“…Chronic cutaneous mastocytosis is a genodermatosis of unknown etiology and that is within the group of rare or infrequent diseases. …”
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Adie pupil. Literature review by A. Judickaitė, A. Zizas, A. Varoniukaitė, L. Šemeklis, B. Glebauskienė

“…In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical evaluation, diagnostic features, treatment of Adie pupil, its relationship with COVID-19, and other conditions that cause anisocoria. …”
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Leptomeningeal Enhancement due to Neurosarcoidosis Mimicking Malignancy by Sahara N. Saltijeral, Horiana B. Grosu, Henriette De La Garza, Barbara O’Brien, Gloria Iliescu

“…Initial differential diagnosis was broad, including malignant, infectious, and inflammatory etiologies. The cerebrospinal fluid analyses demonstrated lymphocytic pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, and hyperproteinorrachia but no other abnormalities. …”
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Remote Stab Wound Resulting in AV Fistula and High-Output Heart Failure by Jennifer A. Rymer, Lindsay L. Anderson, J. Trevor Posenau, W. Schuyler Jones

“…There was an initial concern for congestive heart failure secondary to an ischemic etiology as an echocardiogram revealed a depressed ejection fraction. …”
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Emergency Pneumonectomy: A Life-Saving Measure for Severe Recurrent Hemoptysis in Tuberculosis Cavitary Lesion by Ravisagar Patel, Abhinav Singh, Rajendra Mohan Mathur, Anula Sisodiya

“…Bronchial artery embolization can be rewarding in some patients but the recurrence rate is higher in tuberculosis than other etiologies of hemoptysis. Surgical resection of the lung, mainly lobectomy, remains a life-saving procedure but it should be performed very selectively to avoid higher postoperative morbidity and mortality.…”
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A Very Rare Cause of Pleuritic Chest Pain: Bilateral Pleuritis as a First Sign of Familial Mediterranean Fever by Sevket Ozkaya, Saliha E. Butun, Serhat Findik, Atilla Atici, Adem Dirican

“…A 59-year-old Turkish man suffered from recurrent pleuritic chest pain due to pleural effusion and atelectasis. The etiology was not found, and his symptoms were spontaneously recovered during several weeks. …”
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Charcot Spine and Parkinson’s Disease by Philippe Loriaut, Sylvie Rozenberg, Patrick Boyer, Benjamin Dallaudière, Frederic Khiami, Elhadi Sariali, Hugues Pascal-Moussellard

“…In both cases, no other neurological etiology was found to account for Charcot spine. In conclusion, Charcot spine is associated with several neurological affections but has not previously been reported in association with Parkinson’s disease.…”
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The Implications of Liver Biopsy Results in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Being Treated with Ruxolitinib by Douglas Tremblay, Juan Putra, Alexander Vogel, Adam Winters, Ronald Hoffman, Thomas D. Schiano, Maria Isabel Fiel, John O. Mascarenhas

“…We conclude that hepatology referral and liver biopsy in patients receiving ruxolitinib therapy with biochemical evidence of liver injury reveals a variety of etiologies which have significant treatment impact. …”
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Salivary Cytokines as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease by Zeineb Zian, Assia Bouhoudan, Nadira Mourabit, Gholamreza Azizi, Mohcine Bennani Mechita

“…Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by an unknown etiology and a highly variable clinical presentation. …”
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The important practical results and modern lines in studying diseases of the stomach and duodenum (Review of the Seventeenth Russian Gastroenterological Week proceedings, October,... by I. V. Mayev, A. A. Samsonov, N. G. Andreyev, D. N. Andreyev

“…The further accumulation and analysis of data on etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of diseases of the stomach and duodenum based on the advanced methods of investigation. …”
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Effects of Inositol(s) in Women with PCOS: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials by Vittorio Unfer, John E. Nestler, Zdravko A. Kamenov, Nikos Prapas, Fabio Facchinetti

“…Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, with complex etiology and pathophysiology, which remains poorly understood. …”
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Isolated Bilateral Ptosis as an Early Sign of Guillain-Barré Syndrome by Yahia Z. Imam, Dirk Deleu

“…Our paper highlights the importance of recognizing GBS as a potential etiology in a patient presenting with isolated ptosis, particularly since the course of GBS can be more dramatic than in the anti-GBQ1b syndromes such as ophthalmoparesis without ataxia and Miller Fisher syndrome or ocular myasthenia. …”
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Short Stature on a Boy: Mosaicism with an Isodicentric Y Chromosome by Catarina Silvestre, Juliette Dupont, Rosário Silveira Santos, Brígida Robalo, Carla Pereira, Maria Lurdes Sampaio

“…This case report emphasizes the wide range of etiologies that can be involved in short stature and that chromosomal study is an important tool when firstly approaching males with short stature, avoiding unnecessary tests. …”
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Rare forms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: hereditary lysosomal acid lipase deficiency by M. V. Mayevskaya, V. T. Ivashkin, M. S. Zharkova, T. P. Nekrasova, G. I. Ayusheva, R. V. Maslennikov

“…This overview is devoted to more clinically relevant form of DLAL, significant for physicians and gastroenterologists - CESD which is often mistaken for NAFLD, however these diseases have different etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology and clinical course. …”
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Easily Missed: A Case Series of New Heart Failure in Young Adults by Eric J. Hall, Jonathan Menachem, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Jessica Huston

“…We present four cases of new diagnosis of HF (due to familial cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, and peripartum cardiomyopathy) to highlight the range of etiologies and presentations requiring recognition in this patient population. …”
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Bone Marrow Granuloma in Typhoid Fever: A Morphological Approach and Literature Review by Kavitha Muniraj, Somanath Padhi, Manjiri Phansalkar, Periyasami Sivakumar, Renu G’Boy Varghese, Reba Kanungo

“…We describe a 25-year-old male patient who presented with prolonged fever suspected to be of tubercular etiology. Bone marrow examination showed well-formed histiocytic and epithelioid granulomas and erythrophagocytosis; and the bone marrow aspirate culture grew Salmonella typhi A. …”
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Fructose: A Key Factor in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension by Zeid Khitan, Dong Hyun Kim

“…Diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are becoming leading causes of death in the world. Identifying the etiology of diabetes is key to prevention. Despite the similarity in their structures, fructose and glucose are metabolized in different ways. …”
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