Auditory Neural Plasticity in Tinnitus Mechanisms and Management by Kunkun Wang, Dongmei Tang, Jiaoyao Ma, Shan Sun

“…Therapeutic interventions for tinnitus should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the etiology and features of individual cases of tinnitus, and more high quality and large-scale research studies are urgently needed to develop more efficacious medications.…”
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Molecular Bases of Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with non-enzymatic Glycosylation and Oxidative Stress by Dayamí García Torres, María de Jesús Sánchez Bouza, Pedro Javier Sánchez Sánchez, Pedro Sánchez Frenes, Laura Naranjo Hernández

“…The term diabetes mellitus defines metabolic alterations of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. …”
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Carbohydrate intolerance by V. O. Kaybysheva, Ye. K. Baranskaya

“…To present the modern concept on etiology and pathogenesis of food intolerance, to analyze the modern strategy of diagnosis and treatment of carbohydrate intolerance. …”
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Prenatal Diagnosis of Cystic Hygroma related to a Deletion of 16q24.1 with Haploinsufficiency of FOXF1 and FOXC2 Genes by Matthew J. Garabedian, Donna Wallerstein, Nubia Medina, James Byrne, Robert J. Wallerstein

“…This case highlights the power of whole genomic aCGH to further delineate the etiology of birth defects.…”
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Break through the mold: Hyper-IgE syndrome as a vehicle for invasive aspergillosis by Joseph Nordin, Stephen Smetana, Rachel Johnson, Angela Bartosiak, Nicholas Nassif

“…We hope this discussion helps highlight the importance of a broad differential in chronic dyspnea, including infectious etiologies, and allows for a better understanding of immunologic labs in the setting of fungal infections.…”
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A Case Report of Improved Palmoplantar Pustulosis following Periodontal Treatment and Possible Association with Diminished Systemic Subclinical Inflammation by Akiko Yamashita, Tomomi Sano, Misaki Iwashita, Fusanori Nishimura

“…Focal infection may exacerbate the symptoms of PPP, but the etiology is not fully clear. A 56-year-old woman with PPP was diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis. …”
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Trichophyton as a Rare Cause of Postoperative Wound Infection Resistant to Standard Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy by Sheema Gaffar, John K. Birknes, Kenji M. Cunnion

“…Fungal infections are rare causes of acute surgical wound infections, but Candida is not an infrequent etiology in chronic wound infections. Trichophyton species is a common cause of tinea capitis but has not been reported as a cause of neurosurgical wound infection. …”
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A Rare Tumor with a Very Rare Initial Presentation: Thymic Carcinoma as Bone Marrow Metastasis by Sonam Sharma, Leelavathi Dawson

“…They constitute a heterogeneous group that has an unknown etiology and a complex as well as varied biology. This has led to difficulty in their histological classification and in predicting their prognostic and survival markers. …”
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SDHB-Associated Paraganglioma in a Pediatric Patient and Literature Review on Hereditary Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Syndromes by Heather Choat, Kerri Derrevere, Lisa Knight, Whitney Brown, Elizabeth H. Mack

“…In addition, we review the etiology, genetics, diagnostic approach, and challenges of preoperative management of secretory pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in children.…”
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Alcohol-induced liver disease: primary and secondary prevention by S. V. Plyusnin, K. V. Ivashkin, A. N. Bobrov, S. A. Belyakin, I. V. Plyusnina

“…Alcohol is the main etiological factor of liver cirrhosis in Russia. Prompt change of situation with alcohol abuse is required for reduction of morbidity and mortality. …”
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Rare Hybrid Tumor of Odontogenic Fibromyxoma and Central Giant Cell Granuloma in Maxilla: First Reported Case by Narayan Dutt Pandey, Sushilkumar Balasaheb Bagul, Rajeev Ramesh Talmohite, Amit Kumar Choudhary

“…Fibromyxoma is a locally aggressive rare benign tumor of mesenchymal origin with or without odontogenic epithelium. The etiology of this tumor remains unknown and it is responsible for approximately 3–8% of all cysts and tumors. …”
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Oral manifestations of autoimmune connective tissue diseases by Akshat Pandey, Mimansha Pandey, Ved Prakash Pandey, Vinod Ravindran

“…Autoimmune connective tissue diseases possess difficulty in diagnosis and treatment due to uncertainty in etiology, a wide array of clinical presentation, and unpredictable disease course. …”
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A Tumultuous Course of Exogenous Testosterone by a Bodybuilder Causing a Catastrophic Hypercoagulable State in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit by Kevin Lee, Sophia Toraby, Robert Cotterman, Babatunde Oriowo, John Fish

“…As a result, clinicians should consider exogenous testosterone use as a potential risk factor when the etiology of a patient’s thrombotic events are not clear. …”
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Rapunzel Syndrome: A Rare Postpartum Case by Teshome Tegene, Yahia Foda, Omar Hussain, Kolawole Oloniyo, Ngoc-Tram Ha, Geeta Manikonda

“…However, due to its broad and nonspecific presenting symptoms, the diagnosis of Rapunzel syndrome warrants consideration once other common etiologies have been excluded. Surgical intervention is often required to remove the abdominal mass. …”
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Methamphetamine-Induced Bowel Ischemia in a 50-Year-Old Male by Brian Kurtz, Abdalhai Alshoubi, Katrina Nguyen, Eric Gehres

“…NOMI has a high fatality rate, and we recommend providers include drug-induced bowel infarction on their differential when presented with findings of ischemic bowel of unclear etiology.…”
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Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis association by L. Matukynaitė, G. Repšytė, R. Liutkevičienė, R. Balnytė

“…The close relation between these two conditions in etiology and pathogenesis is a key to finding the earliest and the most accurate diagnostic possibilities, which is linked to a better understanding of the ongoing mechanisms. …”
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Current Pharmacologic Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia by Kristen Tropea, Helen Christou

“…Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of preterm birth and has serious adverse long-term health consequences. The etiology of BPD is complex, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. …”
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“Almost Bleeding to Death”: The Conundrum of Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia by Gabrielle Elena Brown, Hani M. Babiker, Carlos L. Cantu, Andrew M. Yeager, Ravitharan Krishnadasan

“…Previous in vitro studies postulated both cell-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis in early megakaryocytic progenitor cells and humoral-mediated suppression by anti-thrombopoietin antibodies as possible etiologies of AAT. Patients with AAT usually present with severe bleeding and thrombocytopenia that is unresponsive to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). …”
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A case report: Endobronchial ultrasound guided biopsy of radiographically normal size thoracic lymph nodes supporting diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis by Jee Young You, Manuel L. Ribeiro Neto

“…Sarcoidosis is a rare chronic granulomatous disease with unknown etiology. Definite diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is especially difficult to establish. …”
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Acute Liver Failure Secondary to Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer by Emmanuel C. Gorospe, Jemilat Badamas

“…Although cases of ALF from metastatic disease have been reported, etiologies have been largely confined to lymphoma, metastatic breast, lung, and gastric cancers. …”
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