Erdheim–Chester disease misdiagnosed as meningioma of the pontocerebellar angle: A case report and review of literature by Ali Riza Guvercin, Beyhan Guvercin, Emel Çakır, Uğur Yazar

“…Erdheim–Chester Disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans form of systemic histiocytosis of unknown etiology with multiple organ involvement. It most commonly affects the long bones, lungs, heart, retroperitoneum, eyes, and kidneys and less commonly the brain and spinal cord. …”
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Freeman–Sheldon Syndrome: First Molecularly Confirmed Case from Sub-Saharan Africa by A. M. Ali, R. M. Mbwasi, G. Kinabo, E.-J. Kamsteeg, B. C. Hamel, M. C. J. Dekker

“…We highlight the different features present in our patient and describe the etiology of the Freeman–Sheldon phenotype and how its clinical complications can be dealt with. …”
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Spontaneous Splenic Rupture following Colorectal Surgery and Hemodialysis by Ahmed Mohammed AlMuhsin, Antonio Privitera, Ameera Balhareth, Khalid Sabr

“…The authors present a case of spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient following colectomy for cancer and undergoing postoperative hemodialysis and discuss the possible etiological factors.…”
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Chronic Lipoid Pneumonia in a 9-Year-Old Child Revealed by Recurrent Chest Pain by A. Hochart, C. Thumerelle, L. Petyt, C. Mordacq, A. Deschildre

“…Lipoid pneumonia is a disease to be reminded of in children, which can occur with original findings in terms of etiology and clinical presentation.…”
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Relationship between Postmenopausal Estrogen Deficiency and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Sadaharu Tabuchi

“…SAH is the only type of stroke with a female predominance, suggesting that reproductive factors may play a significant role in the etiology. Estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and pathophysiology of cerebral aneurysm and SAH and, thus, potential therapeutic implications. …”
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Pasteurella multocida Non-Native Joint Infection after a Dog Lick: A Case Report Describing a Complicated Two-Stage Revision and a Comprehensive Review of the Literature by Lam Philip W, Andrea V Page

“…Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are commonly caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci; however, other microbial etiologies and specific risk factors are increasingly recognized. …”
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Acute Esophageal Necrosis and Low-Flow State by Ahmad Burtally, Philippe Gregoire

“…Endoscopic findings show circumferential black discolouration of the esophagus with or without exudates. The etiology of AEN is presently unknown and is assumed to be multifactorial. …”
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Uncorrectable hypoxemia due to large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in a patient with myocardial infarction: a case report by Kang-Un Choi, Jang-Won Son

“…Persistent hypoxemia following myocardial infarction can be challenging to manage and often requires considering uncommon etiologies such as extracardiac shunts. This case report describes a 78-year-old man with persistent hypoxemia post-myocardial infarction, which was ultimately attributed to a large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM). …”
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Goldenhar Syndrome with Dextrocardia and Right Pulmonary Hypoplasia: An Unusual Association by Nagendra Chaudhary, Sandeep Shrestha, Hemant Kumar Halwai

“…Goldenhar syndrome (GS), a rare condition, occurring due to defect in development of first and second branchial arches, is characterized by a combination of various anomalies involving face, eyes, ears, vertebrae, heart, and lungs. The etiology of GS is not fully known, although various hypotheses have been proposed along with its genetic association and many other causes. …”
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Vulvar Pyogenic Granuloma in Adult Female Population: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Nastaran Mahmoudnejad, Alireza Zadmehr, Mohammad Hamidi Madani

“…Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is an uncommon lesion of unknown etiology. It may be formed following a minor injury. …”
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Cecocolic Intussusception in Adult Caused by Acute Appendicitis by Jeonghyun Kang, Kang Young Lee, Seung-Kook Sohn

“…Intussusception in adult is rare. The etiology is different from that of childhood. The most common cause of intussusception in adult is known as malignancy. …”
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Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) in the Setting of Trauma and Schizophrenia by Sikander Chohan, Ali Chohan, Muhamid Asif

“…Our case report illustrates the diagnostic journey of a young female with a history of schizophrenia and childhood trauma who had an initial misdiagnosis of epilepsy. The etiology of PNES is complex. Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are common comorbid conditions in these patients. …”
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Oromandibular Limb Hypogenesis Syndrome Type IIB: Case Report of Hypoglossia-Hypodactyly by Manasa Anand Meundi, Gopakumar R. Nair, Prathima Sreenivasan, A. C. Raj

“…Some type of intrauterine trauma is the most widely accepted etiology. The characteristic features of the syndrome are hypoglossia, limb anomalies of variable degree, and micrognathia of the mandible. …”
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Trigeminal Neuralgia with Persistent Trigeminal Artery Variant and Schwannomatosis of the Abducens and Lower Cranial Nerves: A Case Report by Seong Gwang Kim, Hye Jeong Choi, Kyung Gi Cho, Jung Youn Kim, Sang Heum Kim

“…We report the case of a 53-year-old female with trigeminal neuralgia associated with PTAV and schwannomatosis in the abducens and lower cranial nerves as dual etiologies for multiple cranial neuropathies.…”
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Pneumatosis Coli Formation via Counterperfusion Supersaturation in a Patient with Severe Diarrhea by Eric Vecchio, Sehrish Jamot, Jason Ferreira

“…We propose counterperfusion supersaturation as the etiology for this patient’s pneumatosis coli via disruption of homeostasis between nitrogen and hydrogen normally present in the bowel. …”
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Relationship between Prolactin, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk by Marclébio Dourado, Frederico Cavalcanti, Lucio Vilar, Amaury Cantilino

“…CKD has a high prevalence worldwide, mainly due to its main etiologies—diabetes and hypertension. It has high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with traditional risk factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and left ventricular hypertrophy being common. …”
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Bilateral Diffuse and Cluster Pigment Epithelial Detachment Associated with Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis by Heshmatollah Ghanbari, Alireza Dehghani, Mohsen Pourazizi

“…Retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) is an area of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) elevation with minimal or no sensory retinal detachment resulting from the accumulation of sub-RPE fluid. There are many etiological factors that lead to the development of PED. …”
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Approach to: the Patient with a Palpable Breast Mass by Rose Di Ioia

“…Although most palpable masses are benign in etiology, the possibility of malignancy exists and may be anxiety-inducing to patients. …”
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Cytokines and Other Mediators in Alopecia Areata by Stamatis Gregoriou, Dafni Papafragkaki, George Kontochristopoulos, Eustathios Rallis, Dimitrios Kalogeromitros, Dimitris Rigopoulos

“…Alopecia areata, a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin, has been extensively studied as far as the role of several cytokines is concerned. …”
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Hybrid discrete-continuous model of invasive bladder cancer by Eugene Kashdan, Svetlana Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky

“…Bladder cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide.Epidemiological studies and experiments implicated chemicalpenetration into urothelium (epithelial tissue surrounding bladder) inthe etiology of bladder cancer.In this workwe model invasive bladder cancer. …”
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