NSAID-Induced Small Bowel Diaphragms and Strictures Diagnosed with Intraoperative Enteroscopy by Douglas A Shumaker, Kari Bladen, Ronald M Katon

“…Intraoperative enteroscopy was used to confirm this diagnosis after other diagnostic tests failed to identify the etiology. This procedure may increase the accuracy of exploratory laparotomy in these challenging cases.…”
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Early Detection and Management of Massive Intraoperative Pulmonary Embolism in a Patient Undergoing Repair of a Traumatic Acetabular Fracture by Tobechi E. Okoronkwo, XueWei Zhang, Jessica Dworet, Matthew Wecksell

“…Here, we discuss the etiology and management of intraoperative pulmonary embolism.…”
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Proximal Hypospadias by Kate H. Kraft, Aseem R. Shukla, Douglas A. Canning

“…We review the spectrum of proximal hypospadias etiology, presentation, correction, and possible associated complications.…”
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Periorbital Oedema Associated with Hypothyroidism – A Case Report by Bushra R. Noaman, Abdullah M. Bazrgan

“…Hypothyroidism causing periorbital oedema (PO) remains rare in the literature, but it is still within the etiological factors. Patient Concerns: This study presents a 53-year-old patient who presented with PO and visited the dental clinic to exclude dental infection. …”
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Hypercalcemic Crisis in a Patient with Post-Surgical Hypoparathyroidism by Wannita Tingsarat, Chalermchai Lertanasit, Jaruwan Kongkit, Thiti Snabboon

“…Calcium alkali syndrome (CAS), a relatively unusual etiology of hypercalcemia, is characterized by a classical triad of hypercalcemia, azotemia, and metabolic alkalosis. …”
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Haemothorax and Thoracic Spine Fractures in the Elderly by Michael A. Masteller, Aakash Chauhan, Harsha Musunuru, Mark M. Walsh, Bryan Boyer, Joseph A. Prahlow

“…This paper serves to remind health care professionals of the importance of using caution when moving elderly patients as well as to consider thoracic spinal fracture as a potential explanation for a hemorrhagic pleural effusion of undetermined etiology.…”
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Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis Involving the Maxilla: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature by Rajesh Arani, S. N. H. Afsar Shareef, H. M. Khuthija Khanam

“…Consequences of this infection range from draining tract to malignant transformation. Various etiological factors are involved in origin of the disease; among them, fungal origin is rare. …”
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Persistent Ureteric Dilatation due to Pelvic Actinomycosis Presenting as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease by Richard Khafagy, Omar Jundi, Karol Rogawski, Siva Namasiviyam

“…The present case led us to consider the etiology and clinical findings and to review the management of reported cases involving ureteric obstruction.…”
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Persistent Peril: Confronting Recurrent Chest Abscess from Nontuberculous Mycobacteria by P Prem Ananth, R Anand, S Raghul Raj, N Nagarajan, M Thoupikka

“…Our case report details a 42-year-old male with recurrent chest wall abscess, where the underlying etiology was traced to a near-drowning incident at the age of 18. …”
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Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in a Child with Congenital Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction (CIPO) by Mohammed Zameer, Syed Ali Peeran, Syed Nahid Basheer, Syed Wali Peeran, Sameen Badiujjama Birajdar, Faisal Mohammad Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed A. Alkhayrat

“…Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect of systemic origin affecting 1–4 permanent first molars (PFMs) frequently in association with affected permanent incisors (PIs). The exact etiology of MIH is still unclear but considered to be multifactorial. …”
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Kimura Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature with A New Management Protocol by Mohamed Ashraf Fouda, Osama Gheith, Ayman Refaie, Mohamed El-Saeed, Adel Bakr, Ehab Wafa, Mona Abdelraheem, Mohamed Sobh

“…Kimura disease (KD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with angiolymphatic proliferation, usually affecting young men of Asian race but is rare in other races. The etiology of KD is still unknown. It is often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. …”
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Abnormalities of Penile Curvature: Chordee and Penile Torsion by Sylvia Montag, Lane S. Palmer

“…This paper will review the current theories for the etiology of penile curvature, discuss the spectrum of severity of congenital chordee and penile torsion, and present varying surgical techniques for the correction of penile curvature in the absence of hypospadias.…”
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The Heart Block Hat-Trick: A Case of Alternating First-, Second-, and Third-Degree Heart Blocks by Nicholas Huerta, Salman Malik, Christopher Haas

“…The patient underwent an extensive workup for underlying etiologies, and results were inconclusive. A pacemaker was implanted and set for physiologic pacing via left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP). …”
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Acute Severe Calculous Cholecystitis with Multiorgan Failure Complicated by Scrub Typhus by Suman Acharya, Jayant Kumar Yadav, Nischal Khanal, Raju Bhandari, Bikal Ghimire

“…Scrub typhus is a rare etiology of acute cholecystitis. A patient presenting with the features of acute cholecystitis who does not respond to standard treatment should be screened for scrub typhus in a typhus endemic region. …”
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Macrophage Heterogeneity in Respiratory Diseases by Carian E. Boorsma, Christina Draijer, Barbro N. Melgert

“…This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.…”
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Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension and Right-Sided Heart Failure at Presentation in Grave’s Disease by Swapnil Panjabrao Ganeshpure, Gaurang Nandkishor Vaidya, Vipul Gattani

“…Because of her normal left ventricular function and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the most probable site of etiology seemed to be the pulmonary vasculature. All the common possible secondary causes of PAH were ruled out, but during the investigations, she was found to have elevated thyroid function tests compatible with the diagnosis of Grave’s disease. …”
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Concomitant Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Horseshoe Kidney by Faraz Jaffer, Vijay Chandiramani

“…Isolated horseshoe kidney is still the most common of renal fusion anomalies; however etiology of coexistent PLSVC remains unknown.…”
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Churg-Strauss Síndrome. A presentation of two cases by Julio López Argüelles, Joan Omar Rojas Fuentes, Ada Sanchez Lozano

“…Churg-Strauss syndrome is a strange vasculitis that has an annual incidence between 0.5 and 6.8 per million inhabitants (in patients with asthma it ranges between 20 and 60/1000 000 per year) and a prevalence between 7 and 13 per million inhabitants. Its etiology remains unknown, although infectious causes have not been formally ruled out. …”
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Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Causing Chronic Stridor and Delayed Speech in an 18-Month-Old Boy by Adel Alharbi, Derek Drummond, Alfredo Pinto, Valerie Kirk

“…Human papilloma virus types 6 and 11 are important in the etiology of papillomas and are most probably transmitted from mother to child during birth. …”
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Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Percarditis by René Mick Cabrera Núñez, Lázaro de la Cruz Avilés

“…This is a clinical practice guide for the treatment of acute pericarditis, defined as a syndrome caused by inflammation of the pericardium due to various etiologies. Its causal agents, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and the management of acute pericarditis are described. …”
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