Preparation and recovery of iron carbide from pyrite cinder using carburization-magnetic separation technology by Chen D., Gou H., Lv Y., Li P., Yan B., Xu J.

“…The behaviors and mechanisms of carburization, separation, and Na2SO4, were ascertained with optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM).…”
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Study of synthesis parameters of MIL-53(Al) using experimental design methodology for CO/CH separation by Armin Taheri, Ensieh Ganji Babakhani, Jafar Towfighi

“…The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique was used in order to estimate the specific surface area of samples while the relative crystallinity of the samples was estimated by comparing their X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. The morphology of the samples was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. …”
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Low Temperature (180°C) Growth of Smooth Surface Germanium Epilayers on Silicon Substrates Using Electron Cyclotron Resonance Chemical Vapor Deposition by Teng-Hsiang Chang, Chiao Chang, Yen-Ho Chu, Chien-Chieh Lee, Jenq-Yang Chang, I-Chen Chen, Tomi T. Li

“…The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Ge (004) in X-ray diffraction pattern and the compressive stain in a Ge epilayer of 683 arcsec and 0.12% can be achieved. …”
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Study on the Evolution Laws of Anchoring Property of Surrounding Rock of Argillaceous Weakly Cemented Roadway in Water Environment by Weiguang Zhang, Zhiguo Chang, Jianbiao Bai, Rui Wang

“…The weakly cemented sandstone compositions were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction instrument. And the microstructure was observed by using a scanning electron microscope. …”
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Synthesis and characterization of nylon-610 phase change materials with varied reduced graphene oxide filler ratios by Fadhl Al-Mahmodi Akram, Saii Patmashini, Munusamy Yamuna, Muniyadi Mathialagan, Siong Leong Sim

“…The characterization of the synthesized composites was meticulously conducted through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. The FTIR results provided insights into the chemical bonding and interactions between PA610 and rGO, indicating successful integration of the fillers into the polymer matrix. …”
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Using Flexible Polyimide as a Substrate to Deposit ZnO:Ga Thin Films and Fabricate p-i-n α-Si:H Thin-Film Solar Cells by Fang-Hsing Wang, Cheng-Fu Yang, Min-Chu Liu

“…The effects of substrate temperature (from room temperature to 200°C) on the surface and cross-session morphologies, X-ray diffraction pattern, optical transmission spectrum, carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and resistivity of the GZO thin films on PI substrates were studied. …”
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Facile synthesis of mesoporous alumina using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) as template: simplified sol‐gel approach by Sameer H. Lakade, Minal T. Harde, Varsha Chattichalwadi, Pravin S. Uttekar

“…Alumina supported mesoporous material containing drug was characterised using instrumental technique namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Fourier transform‐infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. …”
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Crystallographic characterization of Ag‐doping in nanocrystallite hydroxyapatite and evaluation of photocatalytic activity of organic pollutants by Md. Sahadat Hossain, Shifa Sarkar, Samina Ahmed

“…The samples were characterized with the aid of X‐ray diffraction (phase analysis, crystallographic characterization, and crystal size calculation using Scherrer equation and different models), scanning electron microscopy, and optical bandgap energy. …”
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A Review on Synthesis and Characterization of Ag2O Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Applications by Workneh M. Shume, H. C. Ananda Murthy, Enyew Amare Zereffa

“…The structure, morphology, crystallinity, size, purity, elemental composition, and optical properties of obtained Ag2O NPs were characterized by different techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectrophotometer accordingly as revealed by our literature review. …”
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Halodule uninervis extract facilitates the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with anticancer activity by Nadine Wehbe, Joelle Edward Mesmar, Riham El Kurdi, Ali Al-Sawalmih, Adnan Badran, Digambara Patra, Elias Baydoun

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis proved the synthesis of small and spherical AuNPs with a zeta potential of − 27.66 mV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern established the crystalline nature of AuNPs. …”
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Formation of composite hydrogel of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/gelatin for sustained release of EGCG by Lin Wang, Ning Zhou, Shengxuan Zheng, Jie Pang

“…The mechanism of interaction between hydrogels was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis. …”
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A Facile Synthesis of Montmorillonite Supported CdAl2O4 Nanocomposites with Photocatalytic and Hydrophobic Properties by Kumar Rajathi, Kalpana

“…Characterization of the montmorillonite/CdAl2O4 (MMT/CdAl2O4) composite was carried out using various techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and BET surface area analysis. …”
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The Electric Current Effect on Electrochemical Deconsolidation of Spherical Fuel Elements by Xiaotong Chen, Zhenming Lu, Hongsheng Zhao, Bing Liu, Junguo Zhu, Chunhe Tang

“…The deconsolidated graphite powder and free particles were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and ceramography. …”
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Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions by Tjhang Winny Kurniawan, Hermin Sulistyarti, Barlah Rumhayati, Akhmad Sabarudin

“…The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) can reveal the characteristics and morphology of CNCs and CNFs. …”
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Characteristics of an Altered Diabase Dike in a Coal Seam: A Case Study from the Datong Coalfield, Shanxi, China by Xiaoxia Song, Kaijie Li, Hongtao Ma, Dongna Liu, Jingui Zhao, Jiarui Zhou

“…Petrographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the mineralogy of the altered igneous samples. …”
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Biodegradable Films Based on Gelatin and Montmorillonite Produced by Spreading by Manuel Fernando Coronado Jorge, Elisabete M. C. Alexandre, Christian Humberto Caicedo Flaker, Ana Mônica Quinta Barbosa Bittante, Paulo José do Amaral Sobral

“…The increase in MMT concentration slightly changed the X-ray diffraction spectra indicating some loss of crystallinity and reinforced films presented less homogeneous structures. …”
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Synchronized observation of pressure wave influence on plasma–target interaction using optical wave microphone and high-speed camera by Thuzar Phyo Wai, Nway Htet Htet Myo, Kota Hagiwara, Fumiaki Mitsugi

“…A unique optical technique called an optical wave microphone works based on the Fraunhofer diffraction of laser for phase objects, and it has successfully detected shockwaves emitted by helium and argon plasma jet at the downstream of the plasma jet in the applied voltage frequency order of kilohertz. …”
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Chemical Polymerization Kinetics of Poly-O-Phenylenediamine and Characterization of the Obtained Polymer in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solution Using K2Cr2O7 as Oxidizing Agent by S. M. Sayyah, A. B. Khaliel, Ahmed A. Aboud, S. M. Mohamed

“…The surface morphology of the obtained polymers was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). …”
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Dielectric Behaviour of Zn/Al-NO3 LDHs Filled with Polyvinyl Chloride Composite at Low Microwave Frequencies by Ethar Y. Salih, Zulkifly Abbas, Samer Hasan Hussein Al Ali, Mohd Zobir Hussein

“…The composites were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and room temperature dielectric measurements were investigated using an RF Impedance/Material Analyzer (Agilent 4291). …”
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Low-Profile Array of Wire Patch Antennas by H. Zhang, R. Chantalat, F. Torres, M. Thevenot, T. Monediere, B. Jecko

“…However, the antenna has been tilted in order to compensate the beam deviation caused by the edge diffraction. Moreover, a vertical metallic plane has been inserted to eliminate the back fire radiation. …”
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