Role of neuroimmunomodulation by vagus nerve stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis: Are we heading towards a drug-free era? by Prasan Deep Rath, Swetal Pandey, Rahul Bisaralli

“…The role of the vagal nerves in activation of various immune responses through preclinical and clinical evidence has established its role in assisting the control of inflammation and improving survival in the infectious and inflammatory disorders through efferent as well as afferent vagal pathways that regulate the peripheral inflammation via the central nervous system. Another mechanism is the neural inflammatory reflex that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses and also inhibits the production of a vital inflammatory therapeutic target molecule, known as tumor necrosis factor, for RA. …”
Get full text

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ in the Brain: Facts and Hypothesis by M. G. Hall, Laure Quignodon, Béatrice Desvergne

“…Nevertheless, exploration of PPARβ action in the central nervous system remains sketchy. The lipid content alteration observed in PPARβ null brains and the positive action of PPARβ agonists on oligodendrocyte differentiation, a process characterized by lipid accumulation, suggest that PPARβ acts on the fatty acids and/or cholesterol metabolisms in the brain. …”
Get full text

Ataxia, Ophthalmoplegia, and Areflexia: What Would You Think? by N. Karsan, P. Fletcher, I. Bodi, B. K. MacDonald

“…There are four further cases described in the literature with evidence of tumour invasion within the central nervous system (CNS) shown either in cerebrospinal fluid examination or on histology. …”
Get full text

The Bidirectional Signal Communication of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Hypertension by Xiaoqi Wang, Zhenzhen Chen, Bin Geng, Jun Cai

“…The present evidence demonstrates that gut dysbiosis is associated with central nervous system neuroinflammation. However, how the gut influences the brain remains unclear. …”
Get full text

Acid-Sensing Ion Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation by Audrey Ortega-Ramírez, Rosario Vega, Enrique Soto

“…Derived from 5 genes (ACCN1–5), 7 subunits have been identified, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, and 5, that are widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system as well as other tissues. Over the years, different studies have shown that activation of these channels is linked to various physiological and pathological processes, such as memory, learning, fear, anxiety, ischemia, and multiple sclerosis to name a few, so their potential as therapeutic targets is increasing. …”
Get full text

Role of Neuroinflammation in Adult Neurogenesis and Alzheimer Disease: Therapeutic Approaches by Almudena Fuster-Matanzo, María Llorens-Martín, Félix Hernández, Jesús Avila

“…Neuroinflammation, a specialized immune response that takes place in the central nervous system, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and specially, it has been considered as a hallmark of Alzheimer disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly nowadays. …”
Get full text

Questioning the Extreme Neurovirulence of Monkey B Virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) by R. Eberle, L. Jones-Engel

“…However, BV is notorious for its neurovirulence since zoonotic infections are serious, usually involving the central nervous system, and are frequently fatal. Little is known about factors underlying the extreme neurovirulence of BV in humans. …”
Get full text

Neurosyphilis Presenting as Asymptomatic Optic Perineuritis by Sarah E. Parker, John H. Pula

“…We report a case of optic perineuritis in an asymptomatic male secondary to central nervous system (CNS) syphilis. Case Report. A 41-year-old man was found to have bilateral disc edema on a routine exam. …”
Get full text

Bing-Neel Syndrome Case Report: A Previously Undocumented IgG Variant with MRI, PET/CT, and PET/MRI Imaging by Daniel Halperin, Simon Hallam, Athar Haroon, Tom Butler, Samir Agrawal

“…In rare cases, cells can infiltrate the central nervous system; this is known as Bing-Neel syndrome. …”
Get full text

Glutamate Receptors in Neuroinflammatory Demyelinating Disease

“…<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). The condition predominantly affects young adults and is characterised by immunological and inflammatory changes in the periphery and CNS that contribute to neurovascular disruption, haemopoietic cell invasion of target tissues, and demyelination of nerve fibres which culminate in neurological deficits that relapse and remit or are progressive. …”
Get full text

The Plastic Glial-Synaptic Dynamics within the Neuropil: A Self-Organizing System Composed of Polyelectrolytes in Phase Transition by Vera Maura Fernandes de Lima, Alfredo Pereira

“…These waves have been detected in a small scale experimental model of the central nervous system, the in vitro retina. We suggest that the brain, as the heart and kidney, is a system for which the state of water is functional. …”
Get full text

Primary Intraocular Lymphoma in a Patient with Bilateral Epstein-Barr Virus Panuveitis by Seyedeh Maryam Hosseini, Mojtaba Abrishami, Elham Barashki, Ghodsieh Zamani

“…A significant improvement was observed following serial intravitreal rituximab and methotrexate injections. The central nervous system and lungs were involved after 6 months, and the patient expired despite systemic chemotherapy. …”
Get full text

A Neonate with CLOVES Syndrome by Dilek Sarici, Mustafa Ali Akin, Selim Kurtoglu, Filiz Tubas, Serdar Umit Sarici

“…The name CLOVE was subsequently extended to CLOVES to emphasize the association with scoliosis/skeletal and spinal anomalies and seizures/central nervous system malformations. We herein report a very rare case of CLOVES syndrome with the findings of lipomatous overgrowth in the cheek (facial asymmetry), vascular malformation (hemangiomas), epidermal nevi (large port wine stains), and skeletal abnormalities (widened first interdigital space, dystrophia in the nail of the first digit of the right foot, and bilateral hypertrophy of the first digits of the feet).…”
Get full text

Heat Stroke: A Medical Emergency Appearing in New Regions by Sofie Søndergaard Mørch, Johnny Dohn Holmgren Andersen, Morten Heiberg Bestle

“…Heat stroke is an acute, life-threatening emergency characterized clinically by elevated body temperature and central nervous system dysfunction. Early recognition and treatment including aggressive cooling and management of life-threatening systemic complications are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. …”
Get full text

Complete and Partial Lesions of the Pyramidal Tract in the Rat Affect Qualitative Measures of Skilled Movements: Impairment in Fixations as a Model for Clumsy Behavior by Ian Q. Whishaw, Dionne M. Piecharka, Felicia R. Drever

“…The tract traverses the entire central nervous system and, through direct and indirect connections to the brainstem and spinal cord sensory and motor nuclei, is involved in the learning and execution of skilled movements. …”
Get full text

Transverse Myelitis Associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in an Immunocompetent Patient by David B. Villafuerte, Marco F. Passeri, Rayan Qazi, Moulika Baireddy, Fernando L. Sanchez

“…In immunosuppressed patients, infections involving the central nervous system (CNS) usually present as meningitis or meningoencephalitis. …”
Get full text

Cytokine Immunopathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brain Stem Encephalitis by Shih-Min Wang, Huan-Yao Lei, Ching-Chuan Liu

“…It can also cause severe complications of the central nervous system (CNS). Brain stem encephalitis with pulmonary edema is the severe complication that can lead to death. …”
Get full text

Recurrent Candida albicans Ventriculitis Treated with Intraventricular Liposomal Amphotericin B by Demet Toprak, Sevliya Öcal Demir, Eda Kepenekli Kadayifci, Özden Türel, Ahmet Soysal, Mustafa Bakir

“…Central nervous system (CNS) infection with Candida is rare but significant because of its high morbidity and mortality. …”
Get full text

Autoimmune encephalitis: case reports of anti-NMDAR and anti-CASPR2 encephalitides and literature review by J. Kazlauskaitė, N. Giedraitienė, R. Masaitienė, A. Klimašauskienė

“… Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a group of inflammatory brain disorders involving the central nervous system (CNS) that currently includes more than 10 distinct types of the disease. …”
Get full text

The Association of −330 Interleukin-2 Gene Polymorphism with Its Plasma Concentration in Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Patients by Arezou Sayad, Abolfazl Movafagh

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The cytokine genes are involved in autoimmune diseases such as MS. …”
Get full text