Impact of empiric antibiotics on risk of Clostridioides difficile—a causal inference observational analysis by Matthew A. Pappas, Shoshana J. Herzig, Andrew D. Auerbach, Abhishek Deshpande, Eunice Blanchard, Michael B. Rothberg

“…Conclusions: Among common empiric antibiotics, parenteral vancomycin and cefepime appeared to increase risk of hospital-onset CDI. Causal inference observational study designs can be used to estimate patient-level harms of interventions such as empiric antimicrobials. …”
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Syphilis and Urogenital Diseases during Pregnancy and Developmental Defects of Enamel: A Brazilian Prenatal Cohort (BRISA) by Elisa Miranda Costa, Judith Rafaelle Oliveira Pinho, Maria da Conceição Pereira Saraiva, Cecília Cláudia Costa Ribeiro, Claudia Maria Coêlho Alves, Erika Barbara Abreu Fonseca Thomaz

“…The effects were estimated by causal inference using a marginal structural model (Average Treatment Effect - ATE coefficients). …”
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Step-by-step causal analysis of EHRs to ground decision-making. by Matthieu Doutreligne, Tristan Struja, Judith Abecassis, Claire Morgand, Leo Anthony Celi, Gaël Varoquaux

“…Causal inference enables machine learning methods to estimate treatment effects of medical interventions from electronic health records (EHRs). …”
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The influence of credits and stigmas in volunteering on depression, the modulating effects of volunteer personality and motivation by Juntao Chen, Yifan Zhang, Suhua Zhou, Chenlu Yang, Lianghua Li, Lu Ma, Shuzhen Zhu

“…Although the large sample size strengthens the study, the cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding personality traits and motivations in developing effective volunteer support measures, thereby enhancing service quality and community well-being.…”
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Medical Resource Use and Costs of Treating Sickle Cell-related Vaso-occlusive Crisis Episodes: A Retrospective Claims Study by Nirmish Shah, Menaka Bhor, Lin Xie, Jincy Paulose, Huseyin Yuce

“…This study was limited to observation of associations rather than causal inference, and by possible coding and identification discrepancies and the restricted generalizability of the population. …”
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Evaluation of variation in special educational needs provision and its impact on health and education using administrative records for England: umbrella protocol for a mixed-method... by Stuart Logan, Ruth Gilbert, Tamsin Ford, Johnny Downs, Jugnoo Rahi, Ania Zylbersztejn, Katie Harron, Kate Boddy, Bianca De Stavola, Vincent Nguyen, Isaac Winterburn, Kate Lewis, Lucy Karwatowska, Lorraine Dearden, Sarah Barnes, Jacob Matthews, Matthew Lilliman, Jennifer Saxton, Antony Stone, Kristine Black-Hawkins

“…WP3 assesses the impact of SEN provision on health and education outcomes for specific health phenotypes using a range of causal inference methods to account for confounding factors and possible selection bias. …”
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What is the near-natural catchment? An application of hydrological signatures assessment by Huan Xu, Hao Wang, Pan Liu, Xiaojing Zhang, Weibo Liu, Chutian Zhou, Hao Ye, Hongxuan Lei, Yang Liu

“…The sensitivity of the eight signatures to HA are calculated using a causal inference method instead of directly calculating linear correlation coefficients to avoid spurious relationships. …”
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Editorial by Michael Rose, Jonathan M. Hoffmann

“…Discussing different arguments and methods of causal inference, Thomas Bontly (Storrs, CT) employs a difference-making perspective and shows that there is indeed a highly significant non-identity effect of climate change policies. …”
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The Mongol empire’s expansion and rethinking research trends in Chinese historical climatology by Ka wai Fan

“…Through critical analysis of the history of the Mongol Empire, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between climate change and human history, advocating for prudence in drawing causal inferences.…”
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