The Economic and Humanistic Burden of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis by Nupur Greene, Lita Araujo, Cynthia Campos, Hannah Dalglish, Sarah Gibbs, Irina Yermilov

“…**Background:** Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Pediatric-onset MS (POMS), defined as onset of MS before 18 years of age, is estimated to account for 2% to 5% of the MS population worldwide. …”
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The lymphocyte levels of Hashimoto thyroiditis patients were significantly lower than that of healthy population by Hui Xue, Ruyi Xu

“…Background and purposeHashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease without infectivity. We compared the differences of blood lymphocytes levels between HT patients and healthy people.Patients and methodsThis study included a total of 84 HT patients whose thyroid function was normal and 60 HT patients with abnormal thyroid function. …”
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Diagnosis and presenting features of autoimmune hepatitis at a central referral hospital in South Africa by Y Maharaj, V G Naidoo

“…A diagnosis of a coexistent autoimmune disease was made in 22.5% of patients, with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) being the most common (12.5%). …”
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Macrophage Activation Syndrome/Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Adult‐Onset Still's Disease: An Uncommon Initial Presentation in a Young Nepalese Female: A Case Repo... by Kanchan Bishwakarma, Kajal Bishwakarma, Sunil Bogati, Saket Jha

“…HLH may be due to immunosuppression, infections, cancer, or autoimmune diseases with fever and cytopenia. HLH which occurs in adult‐onset Stills disease (AOSD) is called secondary HLH, also known as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). …”
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Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using dual-targeted and dual-response intelligent micelles: a “three birds with one stone” strategy by Rui-Bo Guo, Lu Zhang, Yang Liu, Liang Kong, Yang Yu, Bin Yang, Zuo-Jun Wang, Jing-Yi Zhang, Xue-Tao Li

“…Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease whose pathophysiology is closely related to inflammation-associated cells and the microenvironment of inflamed joints. …”
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Assessment of XCI skewing and demonstration of XCI escape region based on single-cell RNA sequencing: comparison between female Grave’s disease and control by In-Cheol Baek, Soo Yeun Sim, Byung-Kyu Suh, Tai-Gyu Kim, Won Kyoung Cho

“…Abstract Background The reactivation and loss of mosaicism hypothesis due to X chromosome inactivation (XCI) skewing and escape could influence gender differences in autoimmune diseases. XCI selectively inactivates one of the two X chromosomes in females. …”
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Confounding Risk Factors in Developing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Children and Adolescents at Sulaimani Chronic Diabetes Health Center by Pary Mohammad Azize, Chia H. Sadiq

“…Residency and Family history of autoimmune disease were ranked in the fifth line of factor, finally the weakest factor is nationality by total variance of 8.552%. …”
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Evaluation of Clinical Interest of Anti-Aquaporin-4 Autoantibody Followup in Neuromyelitis Optica by Jean-Baptiste Chanson, Melissa Alame, Nicolas Collongues, Frédéric Blanc, Marie Fleury, Gabrielle Rudolf, Jérôme de Seze, Thierry Vincent

“…Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease in which a specific biomarker named NMO-IgG and directed against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been found. …”
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The Role of PPAR Gamma in Systemic Sclerosis by Andréa Tavares Dantas, Michelly Cristiny Pereira, Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rego, Laurindo Ferreira da Rocha, Ivan da Rocha Pitta, Cláudia Diniz Lopes Marques, Angela Luzia Branco Pinto Duarte, Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta

“…Fibrosis is recognized as an important feature of many chronic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by immune dysregulation and vascular injury, followed by progressive fibrosis affecting the skin and multiple internal organs. …”
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Severe Renal Hemorrhage in a Pregnant Woman Complicated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report by Shohei Kawaguchi, Kouji Izumi, Takahiro Nohara, Tohru Miyagi, Hiroyuki Konaka, Atsushi Mizokami, Eitetsu Koh, Mikio Namiki

“…Antiphospholipid syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease with thrombotic tendency. Consensus guidelines for pregnancy with antiphospholipid syndrome recommend low-dose aspirin combined with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin because antiphospholipid syndrome causes habitual abortion. …”
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Inhibitory Effects of iPSC-MSCs and Their Extracellular Vesicles on the Onset of Sialadenitis in a Mouse Model of Sjögren’s Syndrome by Bo Hai, Taeko Shigemoto-Kuroda, Qingguo Zhao, Ryang Hwa Lee, Fei Liu

“…No effective treatment for Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting mainly salivary and lacrimal glands, is available now. …”
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Immunoglobulin Gamma-Like Therapeutic Bispecific Antibody Formats for Tumor Therapy by Shixue Chen, Lingling Li, Fan Zhang, Yu Wang, Yi Hu, Lei Zhao

“…Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a sort of dual functional proteins with specific binding to two distinct targets, which have become a focus of interest in antibody engineering and drug development research and have a promising future for wide applications in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disease. The key of clinical application and commercial-scale manufacturing of BsAbs is the amenability to assembly and purification of desired heterodimers. …”
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Protective Effect of CXCR3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Cao Jun, Li Qingshu, Wei Ke, Li Ping, Dong Jun, Luo Jie, Min Su

“…Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress excessive immune responses and are potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease and organ transplantation rejection. …”
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Altered Autophagy-Associated Genes Expression in T Cells of Oral Lichen Planus Correlated with Clinical Features by Ya-Qin Tan, Jing Zhang, Ge-Fei Du, Rui Lu, Guan-Ying Chen, Gang Zhou

“…Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease. Autophagy has emerged as a fundamental trafficking event in mediating T cell response, which plays crucial roles in innate and adaptive immunity. …”
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Th1/Th17-Related Cytokines and Chemokines and Their Implications in the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris by Rodolfo Pessato Timoteo, Marcos Vinicius da Silva, Camila Botelho Miguel, Djalma Alexandre Alves Silva, Jonatas Da Silva Catarino, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Helioswilton Sales-Campos, Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira

“…Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein-3. …”
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Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia with a Rare Radiographic Presentation of a Diffuse Micronodular Pattern Mimicking Miliary Lung Infiltration: A Case Report and Review of the Litera... by Jakrin Kewcharoen, Kittika Poonsombudlert, Sakda Sathirareuangchai, Wichit Sae-Ow, Hanh La, Narin Sriratanaviriyakul

“…His final culture results, microbiological data and serology workup for autoimmune disease were all unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with COP and was started on systemic corticosteroids. …”
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IL-1β and IL-6 Are Highly Expressed in RF+IgE+ Systemic Lupus Erythematous Subtype by Yongkang Wu, Bei Cai, Junlong Zhang, Beilei Shen, Zhuochun Huang, Chunyu Tan, Carla C. Baan, Lanlan Wang

“…Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with great heterogeneity in pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. …”
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Disruption of Gut Microbiota and Associated Fecal Metabolites in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice During the Early Stage by Wu D, Yin M, Cao D, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Wei Y, Li Y, Wen C, Zhou J

“…Dehong Wu,1,* Mengdi Yin,2,* Dandan Cao,2,* Xiafeng Zhang,2 Yichun Zhu,2 Ying Wei,2 Yiling Li,2 Chengping Wen,2 Jia Zhou2 1Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310005, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jia Zhou; Chengping Wen, Email zhoujia@zcmu.edu.cn; chengpw2010@126.comBackground: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease and increasing evidence suggests that disturbances in the composition and function of gut microbiota are potentially implicated in the progression of RA. …”
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Development of a Conceptual Model to Understand Disease Burden in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Organ Damage by Lynne Broderick, Wen-Hung Chen, Roger A. Levy, April Mitchell Foster, Cindy Umanzor Figueroa, Kerry Gairy, Deven Chauhan

“…**Background:** Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can lead to irreversible organ damage (OD). …”
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Unveiling the Anti-Angiogenic Potential of Small-Molecule (Kinase) Inhibitors for Application in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Fatemeh Khodadust, Eva M. L. Philippon, Maarten M. Steinz, Jan Piet van Hamburg, Johan van Meerloo, Judy R. van Beijnum, Gerrit Jansen, Sander W. Tas, Conny J. van der Laken

“…Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation leading to joint damage and systemic complications. …”
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