Scandinavian Iron Age and Early Medieval Ceramic Moulds - Lost Wax or Not or Both? by Anders Söderberg

“…This study gives a brief background to the subject and presents the results of a small series of experiments, related to questions concerning the methods used at the Migration/Merovinginan Period workshops at Helgö, Sweden. The study claims that lost wax-methods could have been used at Helgö to a larger extent than claimed earlier. …”
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Kicking Ash, Viking Glass Bead Making by Neil Peterson

“…Evidence such as mandrels, crucibles, bead fragments, and semi-manufactures exist at Helgo, Birka, Paviken, Hedeby (Lundström, 1976, p.3), Kaupang (Gaut, 2011, p.232), Frojel (Carlsson, 2011), Åhus (Callmer, 2001, p.138), and Ribe (Sode, 2004, p.86). …”
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