Bioterrorism in Canada: An Economic Assessment of Prevention and Postattack Response by Ronald St John, Brian Finlay, Curtis Blair

“…Without the benefit of an effective consequence management program, predicted deaths totalled 32,875 from anthrax and 30,000 from botulinum toxin. Rapid implementation of a postattack prophylaxis program that includes the stockpiling of antibiotics, vaccines and antitoxins; training of first responders in the diagnosis, handling and treatment of pathogens; and the general enhancement of Canada's response capability would reduce both human and economic losses.…”
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Difficult to Treat Focal, Stiff Person Syndrome of the Left Upper Extremity by Nathan E. Esplin, John W. Stelzer, Timothy B. Legare, Sayed K. Ali

“…He was treated with plasmapheresis and maximum doses of medical treatment including botulinum toxin with only transient mild improvement in his symptoms. …”
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Effect of Sub-Eyebrow Small Incision Dissection of the Corrugator Supercilii Muscle Combined with Autologous Block Fat Transplantation for the Treatment of Severe Frown Lines by Tan S, Niu C, Zhang Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Ren S, Lu X, Liu Y

“…Shenxing Tan,1,* Changying Niu,2,* Yiwu Zhang,3 Zhe Cao,4 Shan Zhang,1 Shanshan Ren,1 Xiaoshen Lu,1 Yuanyuan Liu1 1Department Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong second Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong second Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China; 3Department Plastic Surgery, Shandong second Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Weifang People, Weifang, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yuanyuan Liu; Xiaoshen Lu, Email 898152261@qq.com; luxiaosheng2006@163.comObjective: To explore the clinical efficacy of small sub-eyebrow incision in severing the corrugator supercilii muscle combined with autologous block fat transplantation for treating severe frown lines.Methodology: Sixteen patients with severe frown lines admitted to our hospital who refused to receive repeated injections of botulinum toxin were selected for treatment through corrugator dissection combined with fat transplantation.Results: No patients had difficulty raising their eyebrows after surgery. …”
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Determining prognostic factors in the treatment of primary hemifacial spasm: Clinical outcomes and complications. A literature review by Juan Carlos Acevedo-González, Alex Taub-Krivoy, Julian Alfonso Sierra-Peña, Julian Geronimo Lizarazo

“…Results: Of 26 selected articles, those solely addressing PHFS treatment with botulinum toxin and lacking surgical procedure data were excluded. …”
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Severity of Emotional Maladaptation and Ability to Recognize Emotions in Patients with Facial Nerve Damage by A.A. Rakhmanina, A.B. Kholmogorova, L.B. Zavaliy

“… <p>According to the facial feedback hypothesis, disruption of the afferent connection from the facial muscles, which is a consequence of facial nerve damage, can reduce the emotional response or decrease its intensity, which is also confirmed by studies of patients who received botulinum toxin injections. The results of studies of emotion recognition in patients with facial nerve damage are contradictory and do not take into account other factors that may affect the recognition process. …”
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Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders in the context of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic by R. Kaladytė Lokominienė

“…., for adjusting or checking deep brain stimulation programming, battery failure, levodopa duodenal pump treatments, botulinum toxin therapy), and patients should be encouraged to use sports equipment available at home and /or play virtual reality games. …”
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Role of Cerebellum in the Treatment of Dystonia and Application of Cerebellum Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation by WENG Yajing, WU Yi, LIU Gang, CHENG Huilan, XIE Hongyu, TIAN Shan

“…At present, symptomatic treatment is mainly used including a combination of psychological and rehabilitation treatments, oral medications, botulinum toxin injections and deep brain stimulation surgery. …”
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A Research Synthesis of Therapeutic Interventions for Whiplash-Associated Disorder (WAD): Part 5 – Surgical and Injection-Based Interventions for Chronic WAD by Robert W Teasell, J Andrew McClure, David Walton, Jason Pretty, Katherine Salter, Matthew Meyer, Keith Sequeira, Barry Death

“…There is contradictory evidence regarding the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections, and cervical discectomy and fusion. …”
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Pisa Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease: Electromyographic Aspects and Implications for Rehabilitation by Giuseppe Frazzitta, Pietro Balbi, Francesco Gotti, Roberto Maestri, Annarita Sabetta, Luca Caremani, Laura Gobbi, Marina Capobianco, Rossana Bera, Nir Giladi, Davide Ferrazzoli

“…These results could have important implication to physiotherapy and the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of PS.…”
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Hydrolyzed Collagen from Salmon Skin Increases the Migration and Filopodia Formation of Skin Keratinocytes by Activation of FAK/Src Pathway by Wanwipha Woonnoi, Lalita Chotphruethipong, Supita Tanasawet, Soottawat Benjakul, Nuthathai Sutthiwong, Wanida Sukketsiri

“…Additionally, its molecular mechanism through cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) via focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-steroid receptor coactivator (Src) regulation and keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) markers were also evaluated. …”
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Diagnostics and Treatment of Esophageal Achalasia (Clinical Guidelines of the Russian Gastroenterological Association, Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine, Russ... by V. T. Ivashkin, A. S. Trukhmanov, I. V. Maev, O. M. Drapkina, A. I. Martynov, O. A. Storonova, E. A. Godgello, M. P. Korolev, T. L. Lapina, P. V. Pavlov, A. V. Paraskevova, I. A. Tarasova, E. D. Fedorov, A. T. Tskhovrebov, M. P. Shapka, A. L. Shestakov, A. V. Yurasov

“…Treatment of achalasia can be pharmacological, endoscopic (pneumatic balloon dilation, peroral endoscopic myotomy, botulinum toxin injection), aimed at regulating the tone and motility of the esophagus and cardia while preserving all anatomical structures, and surgical (laparoscopic esophagocardiomyotomy, esophagectomy), in which the muscle fibers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction are intersected or the altered esophagus is completely removed with simultaneous formation of an artificial esophagus from the stomach or colon (esophagoplasty).Conclusion. …”
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Significance of Biogenetic Markers in Giant Cell Tumor Differentiation and Prognosis: A Narrative Review by Muhammad Taqi, Haseeb ul Rasool, Mobeen Zaka Haider, Munjed Al Muderis

“…MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog), IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), and RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) are associated with GCTB recurrence, and might serve as biomarkers for it. …”
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