Concrete Production and Curing with Recycled Wastewater: A Review on the Current State of Knowledge and Practice
A number of factors have combined to put excessive pressure on the finite available freshwater resources. These include increasing population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, changed land pattern usage and land cover, change in the overall ecological system, and increased temperature and un...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hindawi
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/949 |
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| Summary: | A number of factors have combined to put excessive pressure on the finite available freshwater resources. These include increasing
population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, changed land pattern usage and land cover, change in the overall ecological
system, and increased temperature and unscientific compromises in the extraction of water are at alarming threshold putting
pressure on the finite available freshwater resources. As a result, many countries have been stressed or are at the verge of being
stressed. The problem is worsened day by day by prolonged drought, unchecked discharge of untreated or partially treated
wastewater to the freshwater reservoirs and lack of proper water quality control measures and management. Many initiatives such
as Zero Liquid Discharge of industrial wastewater into freshwater bodies such as reservoirs, lakes, and ponds, and the use of
recycled wastewater for irrigation and domestic purposes have started to be embraced as measures to put a check on the fast
depleting freshwater resources for sustainable socio-economic development. The construction industry is the second largest
consumer of freshwater just after agriculture. Concreting alone consumes, annually, over one trillion m3 of freshwater globally
while the concept of the use of wastewater and/or recycled water in the concrete-making processes is yet to be adopted. Hence, this
paper presents a general review of the current state of knowledge and practice on concrete production and curing using recycled
wastewater from industrial, commercial, and domestic activities. An extensive review of the existing literature revealed that
recycled water is fit for concrete production and curing purposes. The observations made are based on the assessment of
wastewater quality parameters and their impacts on some selected concrete properties such as initial setting time and compressive
strength. Due to scanty research on the impacts of varying concentrations of different ingredients in any questionable water on
selected properties of reinforced concrete and its durability, thus, further research is recommended. |
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