Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk o...
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Kabale University
2023
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/935 |
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| author | Keneth Iceland, Kasozi Zirintunda, Gerald Ssempijja, Fred Buyinza, Bridget Alzahrani, Khalid J. Matama, Kevin Nakimbugwe, Helen N. Alkazmi, Luay Onanyang, David Bogere, Paul Ochieng, Juma John Islam, Saher Matovu, Wycliff Nalumenya, David Paul Batiha, Gaber El-Saber Osuwat, Lawrence Obado Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Shen, Tianren Omadang, Leonard Welburn, Susan Christina |
| author_facet | Keneth Iceland, Kasozi Zirintunda, Gerald Ssempijja, Fred Buyinza, Bridget Alzahrani, Khalid J. Matama, Kevin Nakimbugwe, Helen N. Alkazmi, Luay Onanyang, David Bogere, Paul Ochieng, Juma John Islam, Saher Matovu, Wycliff Nalumenya, David Paul Batiha, Gaber El-Saber Osuwat, Lawrence Obado Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Shen, Tianren Omadang, Leonard Welburn, Susan Christina |
| author_sort | Keneth Iceland, Kasozi |
| collection | KAB-DR |
| description | While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with
pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing
proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game
parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.
Keywords: Trypanosomes, wildlife, Human-wildlife Interactions, Wildlife-Livestock Interactions, Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness, Trypanosoma brucei Gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:idr.kab.ac.ug:20.500.12493-935 |
| institution | KAB-DR |
| language | en_US |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Kabale University |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oai:idr.kab.ac.ug:20.500.12493-9352024-01-17T04:44:40Z Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa Keneth Iceland, Kasozi Zirintunda, Gerald Ssempijja, Fred Buyinza, Bridget Alzahrani, Khalid J. Matama, Kevin Nakimbugwe, Helen N. Alkazmi, Luay Onanyang, David Bogere, Paul Ochieng, Juma John Islam, Saher Matovu, Wycliff Nalumenya, David Paul Batiha, Gaber El-Saber Osuwat, Lawrence Obado Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Shen, Tianren Omadang, Leonard Welburn, Susan Christina Trypanosomes wildlife Human-wildlife Interactions Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Human African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Trypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense. While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife. Keywords: Trypanosomes, wildlife, Human-wildlife Interactions, Wildlife-Livestock Interactions, Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness, Trypanosoma brucei Gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. 2023-02-03T05:27:32Z 2023-02-03T05:27:32Z 2021 Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/935 en_US application/pdf Kabale University |
| spellingShingle | Trypanosomes wildlife Human-wildlife Interactions Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Human African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Trypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense. Keneth Iceland, Kasozi Zirintunda, Gerald Ssempijja, Fred Buyinza, Bridget Alzahrani, Khalid J. Matama, Kevin Nakimbugwe, Helen N. Alkazmi, Luay Onanyang, David Bogere, Paul Ochieng, Juma John Islam, Saher Matovu, Wycliff Nalumenya, David Paul Batiha, Gaber El-Saber Osuwat, Lawrence Obado Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Shen, Tianren Omadang, Leonard Welburn, Susan Christina Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title | Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title_full | Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title_short | Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa |
| title_sort | epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in wildlife implications for humans at the wildlife interface in africa |
| topic | Trypanosomes wildlife Human-wildlife Interactions Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Human African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Trypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense. |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/935 |
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