Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review

Three-dimensional (3D)-printed models have been extensively applied in operative planning and medical education to directly visualize anatomical structures and gain tactile experiences. Although studies are available on the use of 3D printing technology in the gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack...

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Main Authors: Jing Lei, Lisa B. G. Tee, Krish Ragunath, Zhonghua Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7384
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author Jing Lei
Lisa B. G. Tee
Krish Ragunath
Zhonghua Sun
author_facet Jing Lei
Lisa B. G. Tee
Krish Ragunath
Zhonghua Sun
author_sort Jing Lei
collection DOAJ
description Three-dimensional (3D)-printed models have been extensively applied in operative planning and medical education to directly visualize anatomical structures and gain tactile experiences. Although studies are available on the use of 3D printing technology in the gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack of detailed analyses of its current applications, particularly in the context of 3D-printed gastrointestinal tract models for surgical planning and education. Therefore, this systematic review aims to analyze the current application of 3D printing technology in gastrointestinal tract diseases, focusing on the techniques, materials, anatomical structures, and the impact of its use. A systematic search was conducted across the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases adhering to the PRISMA 2020 protocols. A total of 25 articles were identified as eligible for review. The findings revealed that 3D-printed gastrointestinal tract models can enhance technical skills, knowledge, and confidence in performing gastrointestinal surgery or other procedures in a risk-free environment. However, most studies (76%) were limited by their small sample size, with only 1–3 models printed, and lacked comparative analysis. The influence of this procedure on actual patients was not followed up; hence, the impact of this simulator on clinical practice outcomes remains unknown. Most of the 3D-printed models were designed for a single procedure, limiting their widespread application. Future research should focus on developing more realistic printed materials to accurately simulate real organs, including large sample sizes; comparing 3D-printed models with other simulators or other visualization modalities such as virtual reality and mixed reality; and investigating their impact on actual gastrointestinal procedures.
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spelling doaj-art-fff47ee8121d4e1f910c873380fa9e492025-08-20T02:35:42ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-06-011513738410.3390/app15137384Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic ReviewJing Lei0Lisa B. G. Tee1Krish Ragunath2Zhonghua Sun3Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, AustraliaThree-dimensional (3D)-printed models have been extensively applied in operative planning and medical education to directly visualize anatomical structures and gain tactile experiences. Although studies are available on the use of 3D printing technology in the gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack of detailed analyses of its current applications, particularly in the context of 3D-printed gastrointestinal tract models for surgical planning and education. Therefore, this systematic review aims to analyze the current application of 3D printing technology in gastrointestinal tract diseases, focusing on the techniques, materials, anatomical structures, and the impact of its use. A systematic search was conducted across the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases adhering to the PRISMA 2020 protocols. A total of 25 articles were identified as eligible for review. The findings revealed that 3D-printed gastrointestinal tract models can enhance technical skills, knowledge, and confidence in performing gastrointestinal surgery or other procedures in a risk-free environment. However, most studies (76%) were limited by their small sample size, with only 1–3 models printed, and lacked comparative analysis. The influence of this procedure on actual patients was not followed up; hence, the impact of this simulator on clinical practice outcomes remains unknown. Most of the 3D-printed models were designed for a single procedure, limiting their widespread application. Future research should focus on developing more realistic printed materials to accurately simulate real organs, including large sample sizes; comparing 3D-printed models with other simulators or other visualization modalities such as virtual reality and mixed reality; and investigating their impact on actual gastrointestinal procedures.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7384three-dimensional printinggastrointestinal tractmedical educationsurgical planningadditive manufacturing
spellingShingle Jing Lei
Lisa B. G. Tee
Krish Ragunath
Zhonghua Sun
Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Applied Sciences
three-dimensional printing
gastrointestinal tract
medical education
surgical planning
additive manufacturing
title Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
title_full Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
title_short Three-Dimensional-Printed Gastrointestinal Tract Models for Surgical Planning and Medical Education: A Systematic Review
title_sort three dimensional printed gastrointestinal tract models for surgical planning and medical education a systematic review
topic three-dimensional printing
gastrointestinal tract
medical education
surgical planning
additive manufacturing
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7384
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