Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis
Jie Gong,1,2 Juan Wang,1,2 Xin Zhong,1,2 Yao Zhou,1,2 Lele Shen,1,2 Xianguang Deng,1 Anqi Ge,1 Lifang Liu1 1Department of Galactophore, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, People’s Republic of China; 2Graduate School of Hunan University of...
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Dove Medical Press
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Inflammation Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/rat-model-of-granulomatous-mastitis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR |
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| author | Gong J Wang J Zhong X Zhou Y Shen L Deng X Ge A Liu L |
| author_facet | Gong J Wang J Zhong X Zhou Y Shen L Deng X Ge A Liu L |
| author_sort | Gong J |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Jie Gong,1,2 Juan Wang,1,2 Xin Zhong,1,2 Yao Zhou,1,2 Lele Shen,1,2 Xianguang Deng,1 Anqi Ge,1 Lifang Liu1 1Department of Galactophore, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, People’s Republic of China; 2Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Anqi Ge, Email ge_anqi@126.com Lifang Liu, Email lifang_liu@hnucm.edu.cnBackground: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an immune-related, clinically refractory disease, the translational research of which has been hindered by the lack of animal models. Establishing a stable rat model of GM is critical for elucidating its mechanisms and developing therapeutic approaches.Methods: The first batch of rats was randomly divided into a normal group, a low-dose group (0.2 mL), a middle-dose group (0.4 mL), and a high-dose group (0.8 mL). Except for the normal group, the remaining groups were subjected to model establishment using a tissue homogenate-complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) suspension. The optimal dose was determined based on gross morphology, mammary inflammation index, and histopathological evaluation. The second batch of rats was modeled using the optimal dose, with a comparable number of normal rats as controls. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-modeling, mammary gland appearance, histomorphology, and serum/tissue mRNA expression levels of key inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2) were observed.Results: Rats in the middle-dose group exhibited characteristic features of human GM, including gross morphological changes such as breast swelling, ulceration, and fistula formation. Histologically, granulomas characterized by epithelioid cells and Langhans multinucleated giant cells, along with persistent inflammatory cell infiltration, were observed. Compared with the parallel normal group, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in the model group, with their expression fluctuating over time.Conclusion: The 0.4 mL tissue homogenate-CFA injection method successfully induced a stable, reproducible, and long-lasting rat model that closely mimics human GM. This model provides a robust foundational platform for future research.Keywords: granulomatous mastitis, tissue homogenate-CFA injection method, animal model, autoimmunity |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ffbb196c086248c8a69b7e9b60687f09 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1178-7031 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Inflammation Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-ffbb196c086248c8a69b7e9b60687f092025-08-20T03:51:02ZengDove Medical PressJournal of Inflammation Research1178-70312025-07-01Volume 18Issue 194439457104905Rat Model of Granulomatous MastitisGong J0Wang JZhong XZhou Y1Shen LDeng XGe ALiu L2Department of Galactophoredepartment of BreastDepartment of GalactophoreJie Gong,1,2 Juan Wang,1,2 Xin Zhong,1,2 Yao Zhou,1,2 Lele Shen,1,2 Xianguang Deng,1 Anqi Ge,1 Lifang Liu1 1Department of Galactophore, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, People’s Republic of China; 2Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Anqi Ge, Email ge_anqi@126.com Lifang Liu, Email lifang_liu@hnucm.edu.cnBackground: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an immune-related, clinically refractory disease, the translational research of which has been hindered by the lack of animal models. Establishing a stable rat model of GM is critical for elucidating its mechanisms and developing therapeutic approaches.Methods: The first batch of rats was randomly divided into a normal group, a low-dose group (0.2 mL), a middle-dose group (0.4 mL), and a high-dose group (0.8 mL). Except for the normal group, the remaining groups were subjected to model establishment using a tissue homogenate-complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) suspension. The optimal dose was determined based on gross morphology, mammary inflammation index, and histopathological evaluation. The second batch of rats was modeled using the optimal dose, with a comparable number of normal rats as controls. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-modeling, mammary gland appearance, histomorphology, and serum/tissue mRNA expression levels of key inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2) were observed.Results: Rats in the middle-dose group exhibited characteristic features of human GM, including gross morphological changes such as breast swelling, ulceration, and fistula formation. Histologically, granulomas characterized by epithelioid cells and Langhans multinucleated giant cells, along with persistent inflammatory cell infiltration, were observed. Compared with the parallel normal group, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in the model group, with their expression fluctuating over time.Conclusion: The 0.4 mL tissue homogenate-CFA injection method successfully induced a stable, reproducible, and long-lasting rat model that closely mimics human GM. This model provides a robust foundational platform for future research.Keywords: granulomatous mastitis, tissue homogenate-CFA injection method, animal model, autoimmunityhttps://www.dovepress.com/rat-model-of-granulomatous-mastitis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIRGranulomatous mastitisTissue homogenate-CFA injection methodAnimal modelAutoimmunity |
| spellingShingle | Gong J Wang J Zhong X Zhou Y Shen L Deng X Ge A Liu L Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis Journal of Inflammation Research Granulomatous mastitis Tissue homogenate-CFA injection method Animal model Autoimmunity |
| title | Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis |
| title_full | Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis |
| title_fullStr | Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis |
| title_short | Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis |
| title_sort | rat model of granulomatous mastitis |
| topic | Granulomatous mastitis Tissue homogenate-CFA injection method Animal model Autoimmunity |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/rat-model-of-granulomatous-mastitis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR |
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