The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center)
The concept of the water footprint (WF) has not adequately explored the combined effects of climate change and salinity. For this aim, the effects of future climate conditions on tomato WF irrigated with moderately saline water (EC = 2.9 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) were examined, considering an e...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Horticulturae |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/12/1267 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850049802155327488 |
|---|---|
| author | Khawla Khaskhoussy Besma Zarai Marwa Zouari Zouhair Nasr Mohamed Hachicha |
| author_facet | Khawla Khaskhoussy Besma Zarai Marwa Zouari Zouhair Nasr Mohamed Hachicha |
| author_sort | Khawla Khaskhoussy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The concept of the water footprint (WF) has not adequately explored the combined effects of climate change and salinity. For this aim, the effects of future climate conditions on tomato WF irrigated with moderately saline water (EC = 2.9 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) were examined, considering an expected increase in salinity reaching 5.9 dS m<sup>−1</sup> by 2050. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo), effective rainfall (ER), tomato crop evapotranspiration (ETc), leaching requirement (LR), net irrigation requirement (NIR), and tomato yield were estimated using CropWat and AquaCrop models. The blue (WFBlue), green (WFGreen), gray (WFGray), and total WF (TWF) were calculated. Results showed that ETo, ETc, and ER are expected to increase, while tomato yields will show a slight decrease. NIR is expected to increase depending on climate change scenarios and the increasing salinity of water irrigation. Calculated WF components showed significant increases, which consequently led to an increase in WFT exceeding the Tunisian national and regional levels by 15% and 18% between 2023 and 2050 under two scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results highlighted the importance of WF for developing adaptation strategies to manage limited water resources, while advanced research on a large scale based on smart assessment tools is required to find best practices for water use reduction. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ffb0629b45f6457a9b522bf47bdb12b5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj-art-ffb0629b45f6457a9b522bf47bdb12b52025-08-20T02:53:38ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-11-011012126710.3390/horticulturae10121267The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center)Khawla Khaskhoussy0Besma Zarai1Marwa Zouari2Zouhair Nasr3Mohamed Hachicha4Non-Conventional Water Valorization, Water and Forests LR16INRGREF02, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, TunisiaNon-Conventional Water Valorization, Water and Forests LR16INRGREF02, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, TunisiaNon-Conventional Water Valorization, Water and Forests LR16INRGREF02, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, TunisiaNon-Conventional Water Valorization, Water and Forests LR16INRGREF02, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, TunisiaNon-Conventional Water Valorization, Water and Forests LR16INRGREF02, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, TunisiaThe concept of the water footprint (WF) has not adequately explored the combined effects of climate change and salinity. For this aim, the effects of future climate conditions on tomato WF irrigated with moderately saline water (EC = 2.9 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) were examined, considering an expected increase in salinity reaching 5.9 dS m<sup>−1</sup> by 2050. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo), effective rainfall (ER), tomato crop evapotranspiration (ETc), leaching requirement (LR), net irrigation requirement (NIR), and tomato yield were estimated using CropWat and AquaCrop models. The blue (WFBlue), green (WFGreen), gray (WFGray), and total WF (TWF) were calculated. Results showed that ETo, ETc, and ER are expected to increase, while tomato yields will show a slight decrease. NIR is expected to increase depending on climate change scenarios and the increasing salinity of water irrigation. Calculated WF components showed significant increases, which consequently led to an increase in WFT exceeding the Tunisian national and regional levels by 15% and 18% between 2023 and 2050 under two scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results highlighted the importance of WF for developing adaptation strategies to manage limited water resources, while advanced research on a large scale based on smart assessment tools is required to find best practices for water use reduction.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/12/1267climate changesalinitytomatoeswater requirementwater footprint |
| spellingShingle | Khawla Khaskhoussy Besma Zarai Marwa Zouari Zouhair Nasr Mohamed Hachicha The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) Horticulturae climate change salinity tomatoes water requirement water footprint |
| title | The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) |
| title_full | The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) |
| title_short | The Impact of Climate Change on Tomato Water Footprint under Irrigation with Saline Water in a Kairouan Irrigated Area (Tunisia Center) |
| title_sort | impact of climate change on tomato water footprint under irrigation with saline water in a kairouan irrigated area tunisia center |
| topic | climate change salinity tomatoes water requirement water footprint |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/12/1267 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT khawlakhaskhoussy theimpactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT besmazarai theimpactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT marwazouari theimpactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT zouhairnasr theimpactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT mohamedhachicha theimpactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT khawlakhaskhoussy impactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT besmazarai impactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT marwazouari impactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT zouhairnasr impactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter AT mohamedhachicha impactofclimatechangeontomatowaterfootprintunderirrigationwithsalinewaterinakairouanirrigatedareatunisiacenter |