Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning

This study presents a method for predicting nozzle surface temperature and the timing of frost formation during hydrogen refueling using machine learning. A continuous refueling system was implemented based on a simulation model that was developed and validated in previous research. Data were collec...

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Main Authors: Ji-Ah Choi, Ji-Seong Jang, Sang-Won Ji
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5962
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author Ji-Ah Choi
Ji-Seong Jang
Sang-Won Ji
author_facet Ji-Ah Choi
Ji-Seong Jang
Sang-Won Ji
author_sort Ji-Ah Choi
collection DOAJ
description This study presents a method for predicting nozzle surface temperature and the timing of frost formation during hydrogen refueling using machine learning. A continuous refueling system was implemented based on a simulation model that was developed and validated in previous research. Data were collected under various boundary conditions, and eight regression models were trained and evaluated for their predictive performance. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using random search to enhance model performance. The final models were validated by applying boundary conditions not used during model development and comparing the predicted values with simulation results. The comparison revealed that the maximum error rate occurred after the second refueling, with a value of approximately 4.79%. Currently, nitrogen and heating air are used for defrosting and frost reduction, which can be costly. The developed machine learning models are expected to enable prediction of both frost formation and defrosting timings, potentially allowing for more cost-effective management of defrosting and frost reduction strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-ffacf0a4bfad48ba9659537ef55df19c2025-08-20T01:55:41ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-11-011723596210.3390/en17235962Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine LearningJi-Ah Choi0Ji-Seong Jang1Sang-Won Ji2Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Grad. School of Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mechanical System Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mechanical System Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaThis study presents a method for predicting nozzle surface temperature and the timing of frost formation during hydrogen refueling using machine learning. A continuous refueling system was implemented based on a simulation model that was developed and validated in previous research. Data were collected under various boundary conditions, and eight regression models were trained and evaluated for their predictive performance. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using random search to enhance model performance. The final models were validated by applying boundary conditions not used during model development and comparing the predicted values with simulation results. The comparison revealed that the maximum error rate occurred after the second refueling, with a value of approximately 4.79%. Currently, nitrogen and heating air are used for defrosting and frost reduction, which can be costly. The developed machine learning models are expected to enable prediction of both frost formation and defrosting timings, potentially allowing for more cost-effective management of defrosting and frost reduction strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5962nozzle freezingfrost formationhydrogen vehicle fuelingmachine learningprediction
spellingShingle Ji-Ah Choi
Ji-Seong Jang
Sang-Won Ji
Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
Energies
nozzle freezing
frost formation
hydrogen vehicle fueling
machine learning
prediction
title Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
title_full Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
title_fullStr Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
title_full_unstemmed Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
title_short Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
title_sort prediction of freezing time during hydrogen fueling using machine learning
topic nozzle freezing
frost formation
hydrogen vehicle fueling
machine learning
prediction
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5962
work_keys_str_mv AT jiahchoi predictionoffreezingtimeduringhydrogenfuelingusingmachinelearning
AT jiseongjang predictionoffreezingtimeduringhydrogenfuelingusingmachinelearning
AT sangwonji predictionoffreezingtimeduringhydrogenfuelingusingmachinelearning