The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation
Summary: Rhythmic motor behaviors are generated by neural networks termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Although locomotor CPGs have been extensively characterized, it remains unknown how the neuronal populations composing them interact to generate adaptive rhythms in mammals. We explored the c...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Cell Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725006163 |
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| author | Mingchen Yao Akira Nagamori Sandrina Campos Maçãs Eiman Azim Tatyana Sharpee Martyn Goulding David Golomb Graziana Gatto |
| author_facet | Mingchen Yao Akira Nagamori Sandrina Campos Maçãs Eiman Azim Tatyana Sharpee Martyn Goulding David Golomb Graziana Gatto |
| author_sort | Mingchen Yao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Rhythmic motor behaviors are generated by neural networks termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Although locomotor CPGs have been extensively characterized, it remains unknown how the neuronal populations composing them interact to generate adaptive rhythms in mammals. We explored the cooperation dynamics among the three main populations of ipsilaterally projecting spinal CPG neurons—V1, V2a, and V2b neurons—in scratch reflex rhythmogenesis. Individual ablation of the three neuronal populations reduced the oscillation frequency. Activation of excitatory V2a neurons enhanced the oscillation frequency, while activating inhibitory V1 neurons suppressed movement. Building on these findings, we developed a neuromechanical model made of self-oscillating flexor and extensor modules coupled via inhibition. Rhythm frequency is increased by strong intra-module inhibition and facilitation mechanisms in excitatory neurons and decreased by strong inter-module inhibition. In sum, we describe how genetically identified neuron types and the strengths of their synaptic connections drive scratch rhythmogenesis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ffab2f0f61524ae5a360aed2b4332976 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2211-1247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cell Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-ffab2f0f61524ae5a360aed2b43329762025-08-20T02:37:03ZengElsevierCell Reports2211-12472025-06-0144611584510.1016/j.celrep.2025.115845The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternationMingchen Yao0Akira Nagamori1Sandrina Campos Maçãs2Eiman Azim3Tatyana Sharpee4Martyn Goulding5David Golomb6Graziana Gatto7Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Physics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USAMolecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USAClinic and Policlinic for Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, GermanyMolecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Corresponding authorComputational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Physics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA; Corresponding authorMolecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Corresponding authorDepartments of Physiology and Cell Biology and Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be′er-Sheva 8410501, Israel; School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben Gurion University, Be′er-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Corresponding authorClinic and Policlinic for Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Corresponding authorSummary: Rhythmic motor behaviors are generated by neural networks termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Although locomotor CPGs have been extensively characterized, it remains unknown how the neuronal populations composing them interact to generate adaptive rhythms in mammals. We explored the cooperation dynamics among the three main populations of ipsilaterally projecting spinal CPG neurons—V1, V2a, and V2b neurons—in scratch reflex rhythmogenesis. Individual ablation of the three neuronal populations reduced the oscillation frequency. Activation of excitatory V2a neurons enhanced the oscillation frequency, while activating inhibitory V1 neurons suppressed movement. Building on these findings, we developed a neuromechanical model made of self-oscillating flexor and extensor modules coupled via inhibition. Rhythm frequency is increased by strong intra-module inhibition and facilitation mechanisms in excitatory neurons and decreased by strong inter-module inhibition. In sum, we describe how genetically identified neuron types and the strengths of their synaptic connections drive scratch rhythmogenesis.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725006163CP: Neuroscience |
| spellingShingle | Mingchen Yao Akira Nagamori Sandrina Campos Maçãs Eiman Azim Tatyana Sharpee Martyn Goulding David Golomb Graziana Gatto The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation Cell Reports CP: Neuroscience |
| title | The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| title_full | The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| title_fullStr | The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| title_short | The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| title_sort | spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation |
| topic | CP: Neuroscience |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725006163 |
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