Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review

Evapotranspiration (ET) has considerable significance in the water cycle, especially in farming areas where it determines crop water needs, irrigation plans, and sustainable management of water resources. This study stresses the need for accurate ET estimation in paddy fields where rice is grown bec...

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Main Authors: Kiran Bala Behura, Sanjay Kumar Raul, Jagadish Chandra Paul, Sheelabhadra Mohanty, Prachi Pratyasha Jena, Sanat Kumar Dwibedi, Subhankar Ghosh, Laishram Kanta Singh, Sougrakpam Roma Devi, Arun Kumar Singha, Amulya Kumar Mohanty
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Water
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2025.1553732/full
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author Kiran Bala Behura
Sanjay Kumar Raul
Jagadish Chandra Paul
Sheelabhadra Mohanty
Prachi Pratyasha Jena
Sanat Kumar Dwibedi
Subhankar Ghosh
Laishram Kanta Singh
Sougrakpam Roma Devi
Arun Kumar Singha
Amulya Kumar Mohanty
author_facet Kiran Bala Behura
Sanjay Kumar Raul
Jagadish Chandra Paul
Sheelabhadra Mohanty
Prachi Pratyasha Jena
Sanat Kumar Dwibedi
Subhankar Ghosh
Laishram Kanta Singh
Sougrakpam Roma Devi
Arun Kumar Singha
Amulya Kumar Mohanty
author_sort Kiran Bala Behura
collection DOAJ
description Evapotranspiration (ET) has considerable significance in the water cycle, especially in farming areas where it determines crop water needs, irrigation plans, and sustainable management of water resources. This study stresses the need for accurate ET estimation in paddy fields where rice is grown because of its high-water sensitivity and consumption which has implications for water use efficiency and food security. The study attempts to address the problem by estimating rice ET: Standard procedures such as the Penman–Monteith equation, lysimeters, and even remote sensing procedures such as Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) are all investigated. Furthermore, an attempt is made to combine remote sensing data with machine learning techniques for refined ET estimation. Utilizing modernized technologies and hybrid models, the research investigation aims to deepen the understanding of ET variability for rice cropping systems to promote improved water resources management and sustainable agriculture practices as areas for future work suggest the application of vegetation indices incorporating high-resolution multi-spectral imagery to accurately estimate ET and appropriately differentiate between evaporation and transpiration in these complex agricultural systems.
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spelling doaj-art-ff949fd43ebc4e1baeb26507bf2e83c72025-08-20T02:46:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Water2624-93752025-03-01710.3389/frwa.2025.15537321553732Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A reviewKiran Bala Behura0Sanjay Kumar Raul1Jagadish Chandra Paul2Sheelabhadra Mohanty3Prachi Pratyasha Jena4Sanat Kumar Dwibedi5Subhankar Ghosh6Laishram Kanta Singh7Sougrakpam Roma Devi8Arun Kumar Singha9Amulya Kumar Mohanty10Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agricultural & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agricultural & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agricultural & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agricultural & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agricultural & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of AgFE, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-KVK Imphal West, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Imphal, Manipur, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Imphal, Manipur, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone VII, Umiam, Meghalaya, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone VII, Umiam, Meghalaya, IndiaEvapotranspiration (ET) has considerable significance in the water cycle, especially in farming areas where it determines crop water needs, irrigation plans, and sustainable management of water resources. This study stresses the need for accurate ET estimation in paddy fields where rice is grown because of its high-water sensitivity and consumption which has implications for water use efficiency and food security. The study attempts to address the problem by estimating rice ET: Standard procedures such as the Penman–Monteith equation, lysimeters, and even remote sensing procedures such as Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) are all investigated. Furthermore, an attempt is made to combine remote sensing data with machine learning techniques for refined ET estimation. Utilizing modernized technologies and hybrid models, the research investigation aims to deepen the understanding of ET variability for rice cropping systems to promote improved water resources management and sustainable agriculture practices as areas for future work suggest the application of vegetation indices incorporating high-resolution multi-spectral imagery to accurately estimate ET and appropriately differentiate between evaporation and transpiration in these complex agricultural systems.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2025.1553732/fullpaddy evapotranspirationdirect ET estimationwater balanceremote sensingSEBALMETRIC
spellingShingle Kiran Bala Behura
Sanjay Kumar Raul
Jagadish Chandra Paul
Sheelabhadra Mohanty
Prachi Pratyasha Jena
Sanat Kumar Dwibedi
Subhankar Ghosh
Laishram Kanta Singh
Sougrakpam Roma Devi
Arun Kumar Singha
Amulya Kumar Mohanty
Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
Frontiers in Water
paddy evapotranspiration
direct ET estimation
water balance
remote sensing
SEBAL
METRIC
title Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
title_full Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
title_fullStr Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
title_full_unstemmed Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
title_short Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review
title_sort comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration a review
topic paddy evapotranspiration
direct ET estimation
water balance
remote sensing
SEBAL
METRIC
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2025.1553732/full
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