Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application
Abstract Metamaterial sensors are gaining popularity for their numerous application possibilities, including sensing, imaging, energy harvesting, explosive detection, military radar, wavelength detection, and other sensor applications. This work presents a simple interconnected four-split rectangula...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00040-3 |
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| author | Nazimul Mowla Chowdhury Mohammad Lutful Hakim Touhidul Alam Abdulwadoud A. Maash Mandeep Jit SinghSingh Mohamed S. Soliman Mohammad Tariqul Islam Md. Shabiul Islam |
| author_facet | Nazimul Mowla Chowdhury Mohammad Lutful Hakim Touhidul Alam Abdulwadoud A. Maash Mandeep Jit SinghSingh Mohamed S. Soliman Mohammad Tariqul Islam Md. Shabiul Islam |
| author_sort | Nazimul Mowla Chowdhury |
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| description | Abstract Metamaterial sensors are gaining popularity for their numerous application possibilities, including sensing, imaging, energy harvesting, explosive detection, military radar, wavelength detection, and other sensor applications. This work presents a simple interconnected four-split rectangular ring resonator metamaterial (MTM) for microwave sensing applications. The novelty of the proposed MTM is reusability since it can detect sensitivity utilizing both of its sides in two distinct methods. It has an electrical size of approximately 0.178 λ0 × 0.178 λ0. The MTM unit cell demonstrates transmission resonance with Mu Negative (MNG) metamaterial properties for both the C and X-band. It has an excellent effective medium ratio (EMR) of 5.57 at 6.7 GHz and 4.33 at 8.6 GHz, which indicates its compactness and efficacy. Two sensing methods are investigated to determine which is more effective for sensitivity measurement and its potential in microwave sensing applications. The resonance frequency fluctuates based on the permittivity and refractive index changes. The MTM unit cell amplifies this resonance with the E-field intensity. The MTM demonstrates flexibility features for various bending degrees. The measured findings demonstrate that the proposed metamaterial has excellent sensitivity, high Q-factor (Q-factor > 10), and FoM for its first method. The sensitivity, Q-factor, FoM, flexibility and good EMR results suggested that the proposed MTM is a viable solution for microwave sensing applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ff8650299efa41e9b8feb3674c61d4dd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-ff8650299efa41e9b8feb3674c61d4dd2025-08-20T03:45:32ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111810.1038/s41598-025-00040-3Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing applicationNazimul Mowla Chowdhury0Mohammad Lutful Hakim1Touhidul Alam2Abdulwadoud A. Maash3Mandeep Jit SinghSingh4Mohamed S. Soliman5Mohammad Tariqul Islam6Md. Shabiul Islam7Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, International Islamic University ChittagongDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaPusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKMDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif UniversityDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif UniversityDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaCentre for Advanced Devices and Systems, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia UniversityAbstract Metamaterial sensors are gaining popularity for their numerous application possibilities, including sensing, imaging, energy harvesting, explosive detection, military radar, wavelength detection, and other sensor applications. This work presents a simple interconnected four-split rectangular ring resonator metamaterial (MTM) for microwave sensing applications. The novelty of the proposed MTM is reusability since it can detect sensitivity utilizing both of its sides in two distinct methods. It has an electrical size of approximately 0.178 λ0 × 0.178 λ0. The MTM unit cell demonstrates transmission resonance with Mu Negative (MNG) metamaterial properties for both the C and X-band. It has an excellent effective medium ratio (EMR) of 5.57 at 6.7 GHz and 4.33 at 8.6 GHz, which indicates its compactness and efficacy. Two sensing methods are investigated to determine which is more effective for sensitivity measurement and its potential in microwave sensing applications. The resonance frequency fluctuates based on the permittivity and refractive index changes. The MTM unit cell amplifies this resonance with the E-field intensity. The MTM demonstrates flexibility features for various bending degrees. The measured findings demonstrate that the proposed metamaterial has excellent sensitivity, high Q-factor (Q-factor > 10), and FoM for its first method. The sensitivity, Q-factor, FoM, flexibility and good EMR results suggested that the proposed MTM is a viable solution for microwave sensing applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00040-3MetamaterialFlexibleMicrowave sensingSensitivityQuality factorFoM |
| spellingShingle | Nazimul Mowla Chowdhury Mohammad Lutful Hakim Touhidul Alam Abdulwadoud A. Maash Mandeep Jit SinghSingh Mohamed S. Soliman Mohammad Tariqul Islam Md. Shabiul Islam Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application Scientific Reports Metamaterial Flexible Microwave sensing Sensitivity Quality factor FoM |
| title | Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| title_full | Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| title_fullStr | Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| title_short | Interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| title_sort | interconnected four split rectangular ring resonator flexible metamaterial for microwave sensing application |
| topic | Metamaterial Flexible Microwave sensing Sensitivity Quality factor FoM |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00040-3 |
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