Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement.
<h4>Objectives</h4>Law enforcement agencies require minimum fitness standards to safeguard their officers and training staff. Firearms instructors (FI) are expected to maintain the same standards as their operational counterparts. This study aimed to quantify the daily physiological dema...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300161 |
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| author | Joseph Warwick Sophie Cooper Flaminia Ronca |
| author_facet | Joseph Warwick Sophie Cooper Flaminia Ronca |
| author_sort | Joseph Warwick |
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| description | <h4>Objectives</h4>Law enforcement agencies require minimum fitness standards to safeguard their officers and training staff. Firearms instructors (FI) are expected to maintain the same standards as their operational counterparts. This study aimed to quantify the daily physiological demands placed on FI.<h4>Methods</h4>19 FI (45 ± 5 years) completed occupational tasks whilst wearing heart rate (HR) monitors for a minimum 10 days. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) testing was conducted on FI during a treadmill test (TT) and a multistage shuttle test (ST). Linear regression models were used to model the relationship between VO2 and HR throughout the TT. This model was applied to HR data from occupational tasks to infer oxygen consumption. Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to compare time spent in VO2max equivalent zones throughout.<h4>Results</h4>The VO2max achieved during ST (45.1 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher than TT (39 ± 3 ml/kg/min) (p = 0.014). Time to exhaustion (TTE) was sooner on ST (06:26 min) compared to TT (13:16 min) (p < .001). FI spent ~85% of occupational time with an oxygen demand ≤20 ml/kg/min (p < .005). The most intense occupational tasks saw FI achieve VO2max ≥30 ml/kg/min, but <40 ml/kg/min.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Using ST to assess cardiorespiratory fitness resulted in a quicker TTE and a higher VO2max. Predominantly, FI occupational tasks are low intensity with sporadic exposures requiring a VO2max of >40 ml/kg/min. To safeguard FI from occupational-related cardiorespiratory or long-term health issues, it is intuitive to suggest fitness standards should exceed a VO2max of 40 ml/kg/min. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ff6e7d57d71e4abc8c14eadf4c5ee929 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ff6e7d57d71e4abc8c14eadf4c5ee9292025-08-20T03:52:07ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01201e030016110.1371/journal.pone.0300161Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement.Joseph WarwickSophie CooperFlaminia Ronca<h4>Objectives</h4>Law enforcement agencies require minimum fitness standards to safeguard their officers and training staff. Firearms instructors (FI) are expected to maintain the same standards as their operational counterparts. This study aimed to quantify the daily physiological demands placed on FI.<h4>Methods</h4>19 FI (45 ± 5 years) completed occupational tasks whilst wearing heart rate (HR) monitors for a minimum 10 days. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) testing was conducted on FI during a treadmill test (TT) and a multistage shuttle test (ST). Linear regression models were used to model the relationship between VO2 and HR throughout the TT. This model was applied to HR data from occupational tasks to infer oxygen consumption. Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to compare time spent in VO2max equivalent zones throughout.<h4>Results</h4>The VO2max achieved during ST (45.1 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher than TT (39 ± 3 ml/kg/min) (p = 0.014). Time to exhaustion (TTE) was sooner on ST (06:26 min) compared to TT (13:16 min) (p < .001). FI spent ~85% of occupational time with an oxygen demand ≤20 ml/kg/min (p < .005). The most intense occupational tasks saw FI achieve VO2max ≥30 ml/kg/min, but <40 ml/kg/min.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Using ST to assess cardiorespiratory fitness resulted in a quicker TTE and a higher VO2max. Predominantly, FI occupational tasks are low intensity with sporadic exposures requiring a VO2max of >40 ml/kg/min. To safeguard FI from occupational-related cardiorespiratory or long-term health issues, it is intuitive to suggest fitness standards should exceed a VO2max of 40 ml/kg/min.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300161 |
| spellingShingle | Joseph Warwick Sophie Cooper Flaminia Ronca Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. PLoS ONE |
| title | Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. |
| title_full | Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. |
| title_fullStr | Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. |
| title_short | Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement. |
| title_sort | cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in british law enforcement |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300161 |
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