Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity

Regulatory T cells are essential for suppressing an overactive immune system, especially concerning autoimmune disease, tumor growth, and inflammatory disease. This suppressive nature of regulatory T cells is largely due to their metabolic profiles determined by metabolic reprogramming upon activati...

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Main Authors: Madison A. Nguyen, Sarah S. Lee, Craig M. Walsh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1613230/full
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author Madison A. Nguyen
Sarah S. Lee
Sarah S. Lee
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
author_facet Madison A. Nguyen
Sarah S. Lee
Sarah S. Lee
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
author_sort Madison A. Nguyen
collection DOAJ
description Regulatory T cells are essential for suppressing an overactive immune system, especially concerning autoimmune disease, tumor growth, and inflammatory disease. This suppressive nature of regulatory T cells is largely due to their metabolic profiles determined by metabolic reprogramming upon activation and subsequent differentiation. As regulatory T cells tend to process and cycle energy differently from other T cell subsets, we are interested in what metabolic processes support regulatory T cell function. This review will consider how regulatory T cells compare with conventional T cells in terms of their participation in distinct metabolic pathways and how the presence of regulatory T cell-specific molecules influences proliferation and suppressive function. Additionally, this review will identify possible metabolic targets of regulatory T cells that could be targeted for development of autoimmune disease therapies.
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spelling doaj-art-ff69cc37f5284ea4aef42832183e25eb2025-08-20T02:43:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16132301613230Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunityMadison A. Nguyen0Sarah S. Lee1Sarah S. Lee2Craig M. Walsh3Craig M. Walsh4Craig M. Walsh5Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesSue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesSue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesInstitute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United StatesRegulatory T cells are essential for suppressing an overactive immune system, especially concerning autoimmune disease, tumor growth, and inflammatory disease. This suppressive nature of regulatory T cells is largely due to their metabolic profiles determined by metabolic reprogramming upon activation and subsequent differentiation. As regulatory T cells tend to process and cycle energy differently from other T cell subsets, we are interested in what metabolic processes support regulatory T cell function. This review will consider how regulatory T cells compare with conventional T cells in terms of their participation in distinct metabolic pathways and how the presence of regulatory T cell-specific molecules influences proliferation and suppressive function. Additionally, this review will identify possible metabolic targets of regulatory T cells that could be targeted for development of autoimmune disease therapies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1613230/fullregulatory T cellslipid metabolismmetabolic reprogramingmevalonate (MVA) pathwaymTORautoimmune disease
spellingShingle Madison A. Nguyen
Sarah S. Lee
Sarah S. Lee
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
Craig M. Walsh
Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
Frontiers in Immunology
regulatory T cells
lipid metabolism
metabolic reprograming
mevalonate (MVA) pathway
mTOR
autoimmune disease
title Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
title_full Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
title_fullStr Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
title_full_unstemmed Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
title_short Influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs. conventional T cells and implications for autoimmunity
title_sort influences of metabolism and lipid homeostasis on regulatory vs conventional t cells and implications for autoimmunity
topic regulatory T cells
lipid metabolism
metabolic reprograming
mevalonate (MVA) pathway
mTOR
autoimmune disease
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1613230/full
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