Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China
Abstract At present, with increasing awareness of the relationship between respiratory disease and air pollution, it is critical to assess the environmental risk factors for influenza. This study aimed to estimate the associations between ambient air pollution and the number of influenza-like illnes...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95085-9 |
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| author | Ye Lv Hong Xu Zhou Sun Muwen Liu Shanshan Xu Jing Wang Chaokang Li Hui Ye Xuhui Yang |
| author_facet | Ye Lv Hong Xu Zhou Sun Muwen Liu Shanshan Xu Jing Wang Chaokang Li Hui Ye Xuhui Yang |
| author_sort | Ye Lv |
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| description | Abstract At present, with increasing awareness of the relationship between respiratory disease and air pollution, it is critical to assess the environmental risk factors for influenza. This study aimed to estimate the associations between ambient air pollution and the number of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Hangzhou, China, from 2015 to 2021. Weekly meteorological data, including average ambient temperature and average relative humidity, from December 29, 2014 to January 2, 2022 were collected from the Hangzhou Meteorological Service Center, and air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ground-level ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), were collected from National Ambient Air Quality Automatic Monitoring Stations in Hangzhou. The number of weekly ILI cases was collected from 15 influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Hangzhou. A generalized linear model (GLM) with quasi-Poisson regression was adopted to estimate the association between air pollution and ILI. After adjusting for the effects of average temperature, relative humidity, and seasonal and long-term trends, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 were found to be significantly associated with the number of ILI cases, with relative risk (RR) values of 1.018 (95% CI 1.001–1.036), 1.016 (1.005–1.028), 1.063 (1.067–1.364), and 1.207 (1.067–1.364), respectively. In the two-pollutant model, putting PM2.5, PM10, NO2, or SO2 into the model separately with O3 produced results similar to those of the single-pollutant model. PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 have statistical significance in cold seasons, with the RR values of 1.020 (95% CI 1.001–1.038), 1.012 (95% CI 1.000-1.024), and 1.060 (95% CI 1.031–1.090), respectively. In summary, our study found that most air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2) have a significant association with the risk of ILI cases in Hangzhou. These findings can serve as a reference for the formulation of effective protective measures. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ff620bae3d404b5d9750331bb85b29a02025-08-20T02:10:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-011511910.1038/s41598-025-95085-9Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, ChinaYe Lv0Hong Xu1Zhou Sun2Muwen Liu3Shanshan Xu4Jing Wang5Chaokang Li6Hui Ye7Xuhui Yang8Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of HangzhouHangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution)Abstract At present, with increasing awareness of the relationship between respiratory disease and air pollution, it is critical to assess the environmental risk factors for influenza. This study aimed to estimate the associations between ambient air pollution and the number of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Hangzhou, China, from 2015 to 2021. Weekly meteorological data, including average ambient temperature and average relative humidity, from December 29, 2014 to January 2, 2022 were collected from the Hangzhou Meteorological Service Center, and air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ground-level ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), were collected from National Ambient Air Quality Automatic Monitoring Stations in Hangzhou. The number of weekly ILI cases was collected from 15 influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Hangzhou. A generalized linear model (GLM) with quasi-Poisson regression was adopted to estimate the association between air pollution and ILI. After adjusting for the effects of average temperature, relative humidity, and seasonal and long-term trends, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 were found to be significantly associated with the number of ILI cases, with relative risk (RR) values of 1.018 (95% CI 1.001–1.036), 1.016 (1.005–1.028), 1.063 (1.067–1.364), and 1.207 (1.067–1.364), respectively. In the two-pollutant model, putting PM2.5, PM10, NO2, or SO2 into the model separately with O3 produced results similar to those of the single-pollutant model. PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 have statistical significance in cold seasons, with the RR values of 1.020 (95% CI 1.001–1.038), 1.012 (95% CI 1.000-1.024), and 1.060 (95% CI 1.031–1.090), respectively. In summary, our study found that most air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2) have a significant association with the risk of ILI cases in Hangzhou. These findings can serve as a reference for the formulation of effective protective measures.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95085-9Air pollutionInfluenza-like illnessGeneralized linear modelEnvironmental epidemiology |
| spellingShingle | Ye Lv Hong Xu Zhou Sun Muwen Liu Shanshan Xu Jing Wang Chaokang Li Hui Ye Xuhui Yang Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China Scientific Reports Air pollution Influenza-like illness Generalized linear model Environmental epidemiology |
| title | Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China |
| title_full | Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China |
| title_fullStr | Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China |
| title_short | Acute effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China |
| title_sort | acute effects of air pollutants on influenza like illness in hangzhou china |
| topic | Air pollution Influenza-like illness Generalized linear model Environmental epidemiology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95085-9 |
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