Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis
Abstract Aim To estimate the economic burden of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus management and its influencing variables, on urban households in North India. Methods A community-based prospective, observational, cost-of-illness study was carried out from the patient’s perspective, in urban Rohtak, Haryana....
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2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13040-w |
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| author | Kanika Bansal Meena Rajput Rajesh Rajput |
| author_facet | Kanika Bansal Meena Rajput Rajesh Rajput |
| author_sort | Kanika Bansal |
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| description | Abstract Aim To estimate the economic burden of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus management and its influencing variables, on urban households in North India. Methods A community-based prospective, observational, cost-of-illness study was carried out from the patient’s perspective, in urban Rohtak, Haryana. Probit, GLM (log link with gamma) and two-part regression techniques were used to model predictors of cost estimates. Results Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to T2DM management, was experienced by 10.14% of patients, and 19.59% faced impoverishment. The normalized poverty gap increased by 4.34% post-payment for T2DM as compared to pre-payment. The total cost was ₹17,113 per annum and out-of-pocket payments were ₹10,424. Direct medical cost formed the biggest portion i.e., 54.65% of total cost, whereas direct non-medical cost was 6.26%, and indirect cost was 39.09%. Majority of the total spending was attributed to drugs (42.39%). Insulin therapy, complications, socio-economic status and age at diagnosis were the most common significant predictors of economic burden. Conclusions The economic burden of diabetes in India is substantial, driven by both direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity. This high cost is responsible for significant CHE, impoverishment and deepening poverty gap. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and cost-effective management strategies to mitigate the long-term economic impact of T2DM on urban households. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ff3b8aaada224cd59a0de4e1b365d004 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1472-6963 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Health Services Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-ff3b8aaada224cd59a0de4e1b365d0042025-08-20T03:45:56ZengBMCBMC Health Services Research1472-69632025-07-0125111210.1186/s12913-025-13040-wCost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysisKanika Bansal0Meena Rajput1Rajesh Rajput2Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthDepartment of Community MedicineDepartment of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medanta HospitalAbstract Aim To estimate the economic burden of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus management and its influencing variables, on urban households in North India. Methods A community-based prospective, observational, cost-of-illness study was carried out from the patient’s perspective, in urban Rohtak, Haryana. Probit, GLM (log link with gamma) and two-part regression techniques were used to model predictors of cost estimates. Results Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to T2DM management, was experienced by 10.14% of patients, and 19.59% faced impoverishment. The normalized poverty gap increased by 4.34% post-payment for T2DM as compared to pre-payment. The total cost was ₹17,113 per annum and out-of-pocket payments were ₹10,424. Direct medical cost formed the biggest portion i.e., 54.65% of total cost, whereas direct non-medical cost was 6.26%, and indirect cost was 39.09%. Majority of the total spending was attributed to drugs (42.39%). Insulin therapy, complications, socio-economic status and age at diagnosis were the most common significant predictors of economic burden. Conclusions The economic burden of diabetes in India is substantial, driven by both direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity. This high cost is responsible for significant CHE, impoverishment and deepening poverty gap. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and cost-effective management strategies to mitigate the long-term economic impact of T2DM on urban households.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13040-wOut-of-pocketCost-of-illnessCatastrophic health expenditureImpoverishmentEconometricPoverty gap |
| spellingShingle | Kanika Bansal Meena Rajput Rajesh Rajput Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis BMC Health Services Research Out-of-pocket Cost-of-illness Catastrophic health expenditure Impoverishment Econometric Poverty gap |
| title | Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis |
| title_full | Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis |
| title_fullStr | Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis |
| title_short | Cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in Northern India – an econometric analysis |
| title_sort | cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus management for households in northern india an econometric analysis |
| topic | Out-of-pocket Cost-of-illness Catastrophic health expenditure Impoverishment Econometric Poverty gap |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13040-w |
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