Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens

Abstract This paper aimed to investigate how awareness of negative consequences, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control dimensions influence pro-environmental behavioral intention to conserve four world heritage sites (Jeddah, Mada’in Saleh, Diriyah, and Jubbah) and to identif...

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Main Authors: Nada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali, Tarek Abdel Azim Ahmed, Eman Sarhan Shaker
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-08-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05309-6
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author Nada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali
Tarek Abdel Azim Ahmed
Eman Sarhan Shaker
author_facet Nada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali
Tarek Abdel Azim Ahmed
Eman Sarhan Shaker
author_sort Nada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This paper aimed to investigate how awareness of negative consequences, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control dimensions influence pro-environmental behavioral intention to conserve four world heritage sites (Jeddah, Mada’in Saleh, Diriyah, and Jubbah) and to identify the spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a simple random sample of local residents in the four sites that was then subjected to multiple statistical analyses to test the hypotheses. Two thousand, three hundred, and forty-two local inhabitants responded to the two thousand, seven hundred, and fifty questionnaires that were delivered, accounting for a response rate of 85.1%, resulting in two thousand, two hundred, and ninety valid questionnaires for data analysis after closely examining the survey. Structural analysis revealed significant relationships within the adapted model, particularly in the context of heritage relics. The findings of PLS-SEM showed a positive influence of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental behavioral intention. In addition, the findings revealed that attitude significantly moderates the impact of awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental behavioral intention.
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spelling doaj-art-ff0a2b9f9b3e4747b1623f9c9a0770ea2025-08-20T03:07:26ZengSpringer NatureHumanities & Social Sciences Communications2662-99922025-08-0112111910.1057/s41599-025-05309-6Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizensNada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali0Tarek Abdel Azim Ahmed1Eman Sarhan Shaker2Department of Social Sciences Geographic Information Systems Program, College of Arts, University of HailDepartment of Tourism and Archaeology, College of Arts, University of HailDepartment of Tourism and Archaeology, College of Arts, University of HailAbstract This paper aimed to investigate how awareness of negative consequences, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control dimensions influence pro-environmental behavioral intention to conserve four world heritage sites (Jeddah, Mada’in Saleh, Diriyah, and Jubbah) and to identify the spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a simple random sample of local residents in the four sites that was then subjected to multiple statistical analyses to test the hypotheses. Two thousand, three hundred, and forty-two local inhabitants responded to the two thousand, seven hundred, and fifty questionnaires that were delivered, accounting for a response rate of 85.1%, resulting in two thousand, two hundred, and ninety valid questionnaires for data analysis after closely examining the survey. Structural analysis revealed significant relationships within the adapted model, particularly in the context of heritage relics. The findings of PLS-SEM showed a positive influence of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental behavioral intention. In addition, the findings revealed that attitude significantly moderates the impact of awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental behavioral intention.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05309-6
spellingShingle Nada Sulaiman Mohammed Alali
Tarek Abdel Azim Ahmed
Eman Sarhan Shaker
Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
title Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
title_full Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
title_fullStr Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
title_full_unstemmed Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
title_short Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens
title_sort spatial distribution of archeological sites in the kingdom of saudi arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro environmental behavioral intention among saudi citizens
url https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05309-6
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