Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer
Advances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immunity activators as well as priming agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic acid that has shown potency in activating defence mechanisms...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Claude Y. Hamany Djande Paul A. Steenkamp Ian A. Dubery |
| author_facet | Claude Y. Hamany Djande Paul A. Steenkamp Ian A. Dubery |
| author_sort | Claude Y. Hamany Djande |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Advances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immunity activators as well as priming agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic acid that has shown potency in activating defence mechanisms in Arabidopsis and barley. Chemical biology, which is the interface of chemistry and biology, can make use of metabolomic approaches and tools to better understand molecular mechanisms operating in complex biological systems. Here we report on the untargeted metabolomic profiling of barley seedlings treated with 3,5-DCAA to gain deeper insights into the mechanism of action of this resistance inducer. Histochemical analysis revealed the production of reactive oxygen species in the leaves upon 3,5-DCAA infiltration. Subsequently, methanolic extracts from different time periods (12, 24, and 36 h post-treatment) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Both unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods were used to reveal hidden patterns and highlight metabolite variables associated with the treatment. Based on the metabolites identified, both the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways appear to be main routes activated by 3,5-DCAA. Different classes of responsive metabolites were annotated with flavonoids, more specifically flavones, which were the most dominant. Given the limited understanding of this inducer, this study offers a metabolomic analysis of the response triggered by its foliar application in barley. This additional insight could help make informed decisions for the development of more effective strategies for crop protection and improvement, ultimately contributing to crop resilience and agricultural sustainability. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ff00a113905e485f9cb52f10a9d4413a2025-08-20T02:12:28ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130354510.3390/molecules30030545Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance InducerClaude Y. Hamany Djande0Paul A. Steenkamp1Ian A. Dubery2Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaResearch Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaResearch Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaAdvances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immunity activators as well as priming agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic acid that has shown potency in activating defence mechanisms in Arabidopsis and barley. Chemical biology, which is the interface of chemistry and biology, can make use of metabolomic approaches and tools to better understand molecular mechanisms operating in complex biological systems. Here we report on the untargeted metabolomic profiling of barley seedlings treated with 3,5-DCAA to gain deeper insights into the mechanism of action of this resistance inducer. Histochemical analysis revealed the production of reactive oxygen species in the leaves upon 3,5-DCAA infiltration. Subsequently, methanolic extracts from different time periods (12, 24, and 36 h post-treatment) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Both unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods were used to reveal hidden patterns and highlight metabolite variables associated with the treatment. Based on the metabolites identified, both the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways appear to be main routes activated by 3,5-DCAA. Different classes of responsive metabolites were annotated with flavonoids, more specifically flavones, which were the most dominant. Given the limited understanding of this inducer, this study offers a metabolomic analysis of the response triggered by its foliar application in barley. This additional insight could help make informed decisions for the development of more effective strategies for crop protection and improvement, ultimately contributing to crop resilience and agricultural sustainability.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/545barleychemical biologyinduced disease resistancemetabolomicsprimingstress response |
| spellingShingle | Claude Y. Hamany Djande Paul A. Steenkamp Ian A. Dubery Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer Molecules barley chemical biology induced disease resistance metabolomics priming stress response |
| title | Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer |
| title_full | Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer |
| title_short | Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer |
| title_sort | chemical biology meets metabolomics the response of barley seedlings to 3 5 dichloroanthranilic acid a resistance inducer |
| topic | barley chemical biology induced disease resistance metabolomics priming stress response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/545 |
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